<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2019000200437</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v59i2.2614</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los condicionantes políticos de los procesos de profesionalización en América Latina. Un modelo de cambio institucional]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Political Determinants of Professionalization Processes in Latin America. A Model of Institutional Change]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Les déterminants politiques des processus de professionalisation en amérique latine. Un modèle du changement institutionel]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mercedes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,UN Cuyo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>437</fpage>
<lpage>477</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2019000200437&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2019000200437&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2019000200437&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El presente trabajo desarrolla un modelo de cambio institucional para analizar los condicionantes que operan sobre el nivel de institucionalización de las burocracias meritocráticas en dos países latinoamericanos: Chile y Argentina. De acuerdo con el modelo propuesto, el avance o grado de implantación de las meritocracias se muestra dependiente tanto de la capacidad de demanda y organización de actores de la sociedad civil y del Estado, como de la preeminencia de un determinado entramado político-institucional. La contrastación empírica del modelo arroja como resultado que la intensidad del poder de patronazgo de la presidencia es el principal condicionante del grado de institucionalización de los sistemas meritocráticos evaluados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This paper develops a model of institutional change in order to analyze the determinants that operate on the level of institutionalization of meritocratic bureaucracies in two Latin American countries: Chile and Argentina. According to this model, the progress or degree of implementation of such meritocracies depends as much on the capacity for assertion and organization of civil society and state actors, as on the pre-eminence of a particular political and institutional framework. The empirical comparisons made by the model indicate that the intensity of presidential powers of patronage is the principal determinant of the degree of institutionalization of the meritocratic systems evaluated.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé: L&#8217;article esquisse un modèle du changement institutionnel servant à analyser les conditions qui agissent sur l&#8217;institutionnalisation des bureaucraties méritocratiques dans deux pays de l&#8217;Amérique latine: le Chili et l&#8217;Argentine. Selon le modèle proposé, les progrès dans l&#8217;instauration de systèmes fondés sur le mérite dépendent des capacités de nombreux acteurs -insérés dans la société civile et dans l&#8217;administration- à s&#8217;organiser et à exprimer leurs demandes, tout aussi bien que de la prédominance d&#8217;un réseau politique et institutionnel particulier. Confronté aux phénomènes empiriques, le modèle proposé mène à la conclusion que le pouvoir de patronage du président exerce l&#8217;influence la plus grande sur l&#8217;institutionnalisation des systèmes méritocratiques en question.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[burocracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función pública]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reformas administrativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patronazgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bureaucracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[public office]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[administrative reforms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[patronage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[politics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[bureaucratie]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[fonction publique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[réformes administratives]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[patronage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[politique]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alessio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O sistema de alta dirección pública do Chile: política e gestão]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XVIII Congreso Internacional del CLAD sobre la reforma del Estado y de la administración pública, Montevideo]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2013</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abarzúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las presiones y tensiones en el sistema de alta dirección pública]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Observatorio Económico]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>41</numero>
<issue>41</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Alberto Hurtado]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abarzúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Una política sin políticos? La concursabilidad en el sistema de alta dirección pública]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Observatorio Económico]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Alberto Hurtado]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Autón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modernización del Estado, empleo público y negociación colectiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectivas sobre el Estado las políticas públicas y la gestión]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy. Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862-1928]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Centeno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Max Weber and the Latin American State]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Max Weber: una mirada iberoamericana, México]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chudnovsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La tensión entre mérito y confianza en la alta dirección pública de América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>69</numero>
<issue>69</issue>
<page-range>5-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CIPPEC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[¿Quiénes gestionan? Los condicionamientos políticos del acceso a la alta dirección pública nacional]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIPPEC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortázar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aprendiendo a partir de la reforma del servicio civil en Chile. Algunas lecciones de interés para países latinoamericanos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reforma y democracia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>49</numero>
<issue>49</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortázar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lafuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La agenda a futuro: estrategias y tareas clave para mejorar el servicio civil en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortázar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lafuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanginés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Al servicio del ciudadano. Una década de reformas del Servicio Civil en América Latina (2004-13)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>75-116</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waissbluth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tres años del sistema de alta dirección pública en Chile: balance y perspectivas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Documentos de Trabajo]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<numero>94</numero>
<issue>94</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Araujo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Elite dirigente do governo Lula]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Río de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CPDOC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[From War-Making to the Cage of Reason. Two Logics of State Building in Spain and Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Salamanca]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una idea muy precaria. El Nuevo Servicio Civil y los viejos designados políticos en Argentina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Research Review]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>165-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Friends in High Places: Congressional Influence on the Bureaucracy in Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>101-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A splendid ruined reforme: the creation and destruction of a civil service in Argentina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Massey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Handbook on Civil Service Systems]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>152-77</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Supreme Leaders of the Nation. History and Characteristics of Presidential Supremacy in Latin America and the United States. Salamanca]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaetani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heredia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La economía política de la reforma del servicio civil en Brasil: los años de Cardoso]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geddes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[olitician&#8217;s Dilemma. Building State Capacity in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grindle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Job for the boys. Patronage and the State in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heredia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La economía política de la reforma de sistemas de administración de personal público en América Latina: un marco de análisis]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Red de Transparencia y Gestión de la Política Pública]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hollyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Merit Recruitment in 19th and Early 20th Century European Bureaucracies]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[New York University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alta Dirección Pública Latinoamericana: marchas y contramarchas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Gestión Pública]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>VI</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>173-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strazza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnóstico del servicio civil en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortázar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lafuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanginés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Al servicio del ciudadano. Una década de reformas del Servicio Civil en América Latina (2004-2013)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>13-60</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis comparativo por subsistemas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echabarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre la situación del Servicio Civil en Latinoamérica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>531-72</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La calidad institucional del servicio civil chileno: evolución, avances y desafíos pendientes]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XV Congreso del CLAD sobre Administración Pública y Reforma del Estado]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2010</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Santo Domingo </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La administración pública en Argentina: caracterización y análisis de su dinámica político-institucional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Public Administration and Civil Service in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Emerald Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iazzetta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La democracia delegativa y su cara estatal. Un abordaje del caso argentino]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iazzetta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiroga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracia Delegativa]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prometeo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lapuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nistotskaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[To the Short-Sighted Victor Belong the Spoils: Politics and Merit Adoption in Comparative Perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>431-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnóstico Institucional del Servicio Civil en América Latina: Chile]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tendencias y escenarios de reformas en la profesionalización del empleo público]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oszlak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencias y Escenarios de la Reforma del Estado en América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echebarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detrás de los resultados: radiografía de los avances y las oportunidades de mejora del servicio civil en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortázar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lafuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanginés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Al servicio del ciudadano. Una década de reformas del Servicio Civil en América Latina (2004-2013)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>61-73</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diez años de alta dirección pública en Chile]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XVIII Congreso Internacional del Centro Latinoamericano de Administración para el Desarrollo (CLAD) sobre la Reforma del Estado y de la Administración Pública]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2013</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Montevideo, Uruguay </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Argentina: un balance de las reformas administrativas en el Estado Nacional a 25 años de Democracia. Serie Desarrollo Institucional y Reforma del Estado]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dirección de Investigaciones, INAP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahoney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Militarization without bureaucratization in Central America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Centeno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[State and nation making in Latin America and Spain: Republics of the possible]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>203-24</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahoney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conceptualizing and explaining punctuated versus incremental change]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahoney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thelen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahoney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Explaning Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>1-37</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mainwaring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multipartidismo, federalismo robusto y presidencialismo en Brasil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Araucaria]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legislative Oversight: Interests and Institutions in the United States and Latin America]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Notre Dame Conference on Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2000</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidentes, instituciones y teoría]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alessandro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La dinámica del poder ejecutivo en América Latina. Estudios comparados sobre la institución presidencial]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>15-62</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Provincia de Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INAP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mustapic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Argentina: la crisis de representación y los partidos políticos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>163-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Continuidades y discontinuidades tras el derrumbe politico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista SAAP]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>341-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ONEP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Los procesos de selección de personal en el sistema nacional de la profesión administrativa. Decreto 993/91. Características significativas de los procesos convocados entre el 1° de enero de 1993 y el 30 de noviembre de 2008]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega Frei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La evolución político-institucional: el enfrentamiento de los enclaves autoritarios y la transición democrática]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bascuñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maldonado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Más acá de los sueños, más allá de lo posible: la concertación en Chile]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>II</volume>
<page-range>41-58</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LOM ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oszlak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The argentine civil service: an unfinished search for identity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research in Public Administration]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>267-326</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[JAI Press Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brasil: politización, corporativismo y profesionalización de la función pública]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramió]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La profesionalización del empleo público en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>171-98</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundació CIDOB]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panizza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherlis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política del patronazgo partidario en Argentina y Uruguay]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ V Congreso Uruguayo de Ciencia Política. ¿Qué ciencia política para qué democracia? Asociación Uruguaya de Ciencia Política]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2014</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parrado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los intentos de profesionalización del empleo público en Centroamérica y en República Dominicana]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramió]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La profesionalización del empleo público en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>219-59</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundació CIDOB]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estudio sobre estatuto administrativo, remuneraciones y calificaciones en el personal del gobierno central de Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Un mejor Estado para Chile]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>353-401</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Consorcio para la Reforma del Estado]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pousadela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Viejos y nuevos partidos. Cambios en la representación política en Argentina]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2004</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Las Vegas, Nevada </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramió]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Instituciones y nueva gestión pública en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundació CIDOB]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherlis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patronage and Party Organization in Argentina: The Emergence of the Patronage-based Network Party]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Países Bajos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Leiden]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherlis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Problemas del sistema partidario argentino: de la estatización a la &#8216;peronización&#8217;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gervasoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desafíos para el fortalecimiento democrático en la Argentina]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>33-44</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Konrad Adenauer Stiftung]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[When the Victor Cannot Claim the Spoils: Patronage Control and Bureaucratic Professionalization in Latin America]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 85° Annual Conference of the Southern Political Science Association]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2014</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Nueva Orleans </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clientelismo y el juego político de profesionalizar el empleo público en Paraguay]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CADEP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Profesionalización de la función pública: la experiencia chilena (reforma 2003-2011)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desigualdade &amp; Diversidade]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>35-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skowronek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Building New American State. The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waissbluth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alta Dirección Pública: una reforma contracultural]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comentario Nacional]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>390-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuvanic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Alta Dirección Pública en América Latina: algo viejo, algo nuevo y algo prestado]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXI Congreso Internacional del CLAD sobre la Reforma del Estado y de la Administración Pública]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2016</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Santiago, Chile </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
