<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0065-1737</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta zoológica mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Zool. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0065-1737</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ecología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0065-17372025000100130</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21829/azm.2025.4112770</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Agua compartida, tiempos separados: partición espacio-temporal entre carnívoros en aguajes del noroeste árido de México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Shared water, separate times: Spatiotemporal partitioning among carnivores at waterholes in arid northwestern Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcillán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jahdai]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María del Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Florent]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Paz Baja California Sur]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Paz Baja California Sur]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Portal Cacachilas, C/José Dolores y Corredor Isla Cerralvo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Paz Baja California Sur]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0065-17372025000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0065-17372025000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0065-17372025000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En ecosistemas áridos, donde el agua es escasa y localizada, los aguajes permanentes son recursos críticos que concentran la actividad de los vertebrados terrestres y pueden intensificar las interacciones entre carnívoros. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre cómo estos gremios estructuran su coexistencia bajo condiciones estacionalmente variables. En este estudio analizamos el uso temporal y espacial de aguajes por cinco especies de carnívoros medianos y pequeños (coyote, lince, zorra, zorrillo y mapache) en un ecosistema árido del noroeste de México, a lo largo de dos años. Se utilizaron nueve cámaras activas que, en 5,931 noches-trampa, registraron 4,060 visitas. Estimamos la frecuencia diaria de visitas, los patrones horarios de actividad, el solapamiento temporal y la coocurrencia espacial a lo largo del año y entre estaciones de secas y de lluvias, así como su relación con la diferencia de tamaño entre especies. Coyote, lince y zorra incrementaron su frecuencia de visita en temporada seca, mientras que el zorrillo la mantuvo y el mapache la redujo. Las especies se agruparon en dos periodos de actividad: crepusculares (coyote y lince) y nocturnas (zorra, zorrillo y mapache), con mayor solapamiento entre especies dentro de cada periodo y menor entre ambos. No se detectaron cambios estacionales significativos en los patrones de actividad horaria entre pares de especies. La coocurrencia espacial fue menor a lo esperado por azar en ambas estaciones, lo que indica una evitación activa del uso simultáneo de los aguajes. La diferencia de tamaño se relacionó negativamente con el solapamiento temporal únicamente en la estación de lluvias, pero no se asoció con la magnitud de la evitación espacial en ningún periodo. Estos patrones sugieren que la coexistencia de carnívoros en ambientes áridos se sostiene mediante ajustes conductuales que reducen la probabilidad de encuentros directos. La partición temporal y espacial operan como mecanismos complementarios para reducir los conflictos en torno a recursos hídricos críticos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: In arid ecosystems, where water is scarce and localized, permanent waterholes are critical resources that concentrate the activity of terrestrial vertebrates and may intensify interactions among carnivores. However, little is known about how these guilds structure their coexistence around such sites under seasonally variable conditions. In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial use of waterholes by five species of medium- and small-sized carnivores (coyote, bobcat, gray fox, skunk, and raccoon) in an arid ecosystem in northwestern Mexico over two years. Nine camera traps recorded 4,060 detections across 5,931 trap-nights. We estimated daily visitation frequency, daily activity patterns, temporal overlap, and spatial co-occurrence among species throughout the year and between dry and rainy seasons, as well as their relationship with body size differences between speices. Coyotes, bobcats, and foxes increased their visitation rates during the dry season, while skunks maintained and raccoons reduced their visits. Species grouped into two main activity periods: crepuscular (coyote and bobcat) and nocturnal (fox, skunk, and raccoon), with high overlap within groups and moderate overlap between them. No significant seasonal changes were detected in activity patterns. Spatial co-occurrence was lower than expected in both seasons, indicating active avoidance of simultaneous use of waterholes. Body size differences were negatively related to temporal overlap only during the rainy season and showed no association with spatial avoidence. These patterns suggest that carnivore coexistence in arid environments is sustained through behavioral adjustments that minimize direct encounters. Temporal and spatial partitioning function as complementary mechanisms to reduce conflict over critical water resources.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cámaras trampa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[coexistencia interespecífica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patrones de actividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[variación estacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[activity patterns]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[camera trapping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[interspecific coexistence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seasonal variation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arjo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kozlowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[hanges in kit fox-coyote-prey relationships in the Great Basin Desert, Utah]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Western North American Naturalist]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>389-401</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Partitioning of anthropogenic watering sites by desert carnivores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Wildlife Management]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1609-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bekoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Canis latrans. Mammalian Species]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Branney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lombardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stasey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tewes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Jaguars, ocelots, coatimundis&#8230; oh my: Species composition and temporal overlap of a diverse carnivore guild in the Sierra of Tamaulipas, México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Ecology and Conservation]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>44</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krausman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenstock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanisms of thermoregulation and water balance in desert ungulates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wildlife Society Bulletin]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>570-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>CONAGUA</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Base de datos climatológica nacional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estadística mensual]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Nacional del Agua, Coordinación General del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Satgé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teichman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cristescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Competition and coexistence in a small carnivore guild]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oecologia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>184</volume>
<page-range>873-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Bitetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paviolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Time partitioning favors the coexistence of sympatric crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Mammalogy]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>479-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donadio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buskirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diet, morphology, and interspecific killing in Carnivora]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Naturalist]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>167</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>524-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiesel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal resource partitioning of water sources by African carnivores on Namibian commercial farmlands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Zoology]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>297</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>22-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fedriani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sauvajot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[York]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oecologia]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<page-range>258-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fritzell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haroldson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mammalian Species]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>189</volume>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crooks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recreation and large mammal activity in an urban nature reserve]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biological Conservation]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>107-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gittleman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>57-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Golightly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohmart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Water economy of two desert canids: Coyote and Kit fox]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Mammalogy]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Abraham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcillán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezcurra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecorregiones de la península de Baja California: una síntesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>87</numero>
<issue>87</issue>
<page-range>69-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gotelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Null models analysis of species co-ocurrence patterns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecology]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>2606-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMillan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Water developments and canids in two North American deserts: a test of the indirect effect of water hypothesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehnen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Weather and prey predict mammals&#8217; visitation to water]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahlers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Raccoon (Procyon lotor) activity is better predicted by water availability than land cover in a moderately fragmented landscape]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Northeastern Naturalist]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>352-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interspecific competition and predation in American carnivore families]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethology Ecology and Evolution]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>295-324</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Havmøller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swanepoel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Zyl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Møller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Havmøller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of artificial waterholes on temporal partitioning in a carnivore guild: a comparison of activity patterns at artificial waterholes to roads and trails]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PeerJ]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>11</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kronfeld-Schor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dayan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Partitioning of time as an ecological resource]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution, and Systematics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>153-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larivière]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lynx rufus. Mammalian Species]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>563</volume>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legendre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legendre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Numerical ecology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<edition>3rd</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Países Bajos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lesmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schauber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellgren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern North America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wildlife Monographs]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>191</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Procyon lotor. Mammalian Species]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.F.J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>480</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chapman and Hall/CRC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venticinque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal niche overlap among mesocarnivores in a Caatinga dry forest]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Wildlife Research]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>66</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The physiological ecology of vertebrates: a view from energetics]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>576</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornell University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meredith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ridout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Overlap: Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[R package version 0.3.9]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Midway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testing for normality in regression models: mistakes abound (but may not matter)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Royal Society Open Science]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monterroso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Plasticity in circadian activity patterns of mesocarnivores in southwestern Europe: implications for species coexistence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1403-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gimenez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seymour-Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delignette-Muller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madhlamoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loveridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valeix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Response of a carnivore community to water management in a semi-arid savanna]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biological Conservation]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>299</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sacks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Food habits and space use of gray foxes in relation to sympatric coyotes and bobcats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of Zoology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1794-800</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMillan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal interactions between top carnivores at water sources in two deserts of western North America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environments]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>184</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palomares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Naturalist]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>153</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>492-508</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>R Core Team</collab>
<source><![CDATA[R: A language and environment for statistical computing]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Vienna, Austria ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[R Foundation for Statistical Computing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ridout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linkie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>322-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roemer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gompper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Valkenburgh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ecological role of the mammalian mesocarnivore]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BioScience]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>165-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schoener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resource partitioning in ecological communities: Research on how similar species divide resources helps reveal the natural regulation of species diversity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>185</volume>
<numero>4145</numero>
<issue>4145</issue>
<page-range>27-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Somers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal partitioning and the potential for avoidance behaviour within South African carnivore communities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecology and Evolution]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greatwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slotow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Moving to stay in place: behavioral mechanisms for coexistence of African large carnivores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>2619-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vernes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajaratnam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patterns of species co-occurrence in a diverse Eastern Himalayan montane carnivore community]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mammal Research]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>139-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carraway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kinlaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spilogale gracilis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mammalian Species]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>674</volume>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Li, J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sagen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diqiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Activity patterns and resource partitioning: seven species at watering sites in the Altun Mountains, China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Land]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>959-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
