Análisis de materiales catódicos de estructura perovskita para celdas de combustible de óxido sólido, sofc's

J. Alvarado-Flores^a J. Espino-Valencia^b y L. Ávalos-Rodríguez^c

^a Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Santiago Tapia 403, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

^b Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Santiago Tapia 403, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

^c Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Empresariales, Santiago Tapia 403, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

Received 3 October 2014;
accepted 2 December 2014

Resumen

Las celdas de combustible convierten directa y eficientemente la energía química de un combustible en energía eléctrica. De los diversos tipos de celdas de combustible, las de óxido solido (SOFC), combinan las ventajas en generación de energía ambientalmente benigna con la flexibilidad del combustible. Sin embargo, la necesidad de elevadas temperaturas de funcionamiento (800-1000°C) se ha traducido en altos costos y grandes retos en relación a la compatibilidad para los materiales catódicos. Como consecuencia, se han realizado importantes esfuerzos en el desarrollo de celdas SOFC de temperatura intermedia (500-700°C). Un obstáculo clave para su funcionamiento en este rango de temperatura, es la limitada actividad de los tradicionales materiales catódicos para la reducción electroquímica de oxígeno. En este artículo, se analiza el progreso de los últimos arios en cátodos para celdas SOFC de estructura perovskita (ABO₃), mas eficientes que el tradicionalmente usado La_1-xSr_xMnO_{3- δ} (LSM) o (La,Sr)CoO₃. Tal es el caso de los conductores mixtos (MIEC) de estructura doble perovskita (AA'B₂O_5+δ) utilizando diversos elementos de dopaje como La, Sr, Fe, Ti, Cr, Sm, Co, Cu, Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy, Mn, entre otros, que puedan mejorar el rendimiento operacional de los materiales catódicos existentes, promoviendo el desarrollo de diseños optimizados de celdas SOFC de temperatura intermedia.

Palabras clave: Cátodos de estructura perovskita; conductividad eléctrica; celda de combustible de óxido sólido (SOFC).

Abstract

Fuel cells directly and efficiently convert the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy. Of the various types of fuel cells, the solid oxide (SOFC), combine the advantages in environmentally benign energy generation with fuel flexibility. However, the need for high operating temperatures (800 - 1000°C) has resulted in high costs and major challenges in relation to the compatibility the cathode materials. As a result, there have been significant efforts in the development of intermediate temperature SOFC (500 - 700°C). A key obstacle for operation in this temperature range is the limited activity of traditional cathode materials for electrochemical reduction of oxygen. In this article, the progress of recent years is discussed in cathodes for SOFC perovskite structure (ABO₃), more efficient than the traditionally used La_1-xSr_xMnO_{3- δ} (LSM) or (La,Sr)CoO₃. Such is the case of mixed conductors (MIEC) double perovskite structure (AA'B₂O_5+δ) using different doping elements as La, Sr, Fe, Ti, Cr, Sm, Co, Cu, Pr, Nd, Gd, dy, Mn, among others, which could improve the operational performance of existing cathode materials, promoting the development of optimized intermediate temperature SOFC designs.

PACS: 82.47.Ed; 81.20.Fw; 73.40.Vz

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