<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2018000300447</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20430/ete.v85i339.716</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[México: país de pobres, no de clases medias. Un análisis de las clases medias entre 2000 y 2014]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mexico: Not a Middle Class but a Poverty Country. Analyzing Middle Class Performance in Between 2000-2014]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teruel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Graciela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Iberoamericana Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo con Equidad ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Iberoamericana Observatorio de Salarios ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política Social de México Análisis y Diagnóstico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Iberoamericana licenciatura de economía y finanzas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>339</numero>
<fpage>447</fpage>
<lpage>480</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2018000300447&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2018000300447&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2018000300447&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Antecedentes: La categoría &#8220;clase media&#8221; no tiene un significado único y consistente. La complejidad de su abordaje en términos conceptuales y metodológicos, similar al de la pobreza, la ubican desde diversas disciplinas como uno de los aspectos conceptuales sin consenso en la literatura. Se realiza una revisión comprehensiva de la literatura, con énfasis en las metodologías multidimensional y unidimensional del ingreso y se identifican áreas de no consensos en umbrales y dimensiones utilizadas.  Metodología: Se realiza la identificación de la clase media mexicana desde una perspectiva multidimensional, consistente con el método de medición multidimensional de la pobreza del Coneval (2009), según el cual el ingreso es condición necesaria pero no suficiente de seguridad y no vulnerabilidad. Se construyen clases latentes con base en los indicadores de derechos y bienestar de Coneval que identificaron la proporción de población en clases medias. Se obtienen cinco categorías: población en pobreza multidimensional, población vulnerable por ingreso, población vulnerable por carencias sociales, clases medias y población rica.  Resultados: Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentra evidencia de que México sigue siendo un país de pobres, más que de clases medias. La cantidad de personas en condición de pobreza es 2.3 veces mayor que lo que representa la clase media; por lo tanto, el estatus y las condiciones de vida garantes de la seguridad y no vulnerabilidad económica, características de la clase media, sólo se garantizan para poco más de un cuarto del total de la población, 27.5%. El artículo presenta resultados sobre la evolución de la clase media, la cual crece entre 2000 y 2006, hasta antes de la crisis alimentaria y económico-financiera de 2006 y 2008, pero nunca llega a niveles superiores a 50%. Tras la crisis, comienza nuevamente su descenso a niveles similares a los de 1994, condición que muestra su vulnerabilidad ante situaciones de crisis o shocks.  Conclusiones: El artículo concluye que la sostenibilidad de las clases medias en el tiempo depende tanto de políticas públicas efectivas y eficientes de combate a la pobreza, como de políticas dirigidas a las denominadas clases medias, lo cual en México y países de América Latina no existe. Ello implica que las más amplias capas de población, de la misma manera que en los países desarrollados, tengan acceso a un salario mínimo digno que garantice el bienestar, servicios efectivos de salud adecuados, educación de calidad, acceso al mercado de créditos y el sistema financiero, así como pensiones adecuadas y dignas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Background: &#8220;Middle class&#8221; is a polysemic social category. In methodological terms, it is similar to that of poverty, both without consensus according to lite&#8203;rature. A comprehensive review of literature is made in this paper, emphasizing on single and multidimensional methodologies, identifying non-consensual findings when using and building thresholds and different dimensions.  Methodology: This paper proposes identification of Mexican Middle Class according to a multidimensional perspective, consistent with Coneval&#8217;s multidimensional poverty measurement method (2009), where income is a necessary but not enough condition of security and none vulnerability. &#8220;Latent-class models&#8221; are built based upon the Coneval&#8217;s Rights and Well-being indicators that identified the ratio of population that could be considered middle classes. Five categories are obtained: population in multidimensional poverty, vulnerable population by income, vulnerable population due to social deprivation, middle classes and rich population.  Results: Among the main findings, there is evidence that Mexico continues to be a country of poor, rather than middle class people. The number of people in poverty is 2.3 times greater than that of middle class, while the status and conditions of life guaranteeing security and not economic vulnerability, characteristic of the middle class, is only due for a little more of a quarter of the total population, 27.5%. This paper presents findings on the evolution of the middle class, which grows between 2000-2006, before the food and economic-financial crisis of 2006 and 2008, but never reaches levels above 50%. After crisis years, it begins its descent again to levels similar to 1994, showing its vulnerability to economic crisis.  Conclusions: As a conclusion sustainability of middle classes over time in Mexico depends both on an effective and efficient policy to fight against poverty, and on specific policy about middle classes, which actually in Mexico and Latin American countries does not exist. This means that the broadest layers of the population, in the same way as in developed countries, have access to a living wage that guarantees well-being, effective health services, quality education, access to the credit market and financial services, as well as adequate and dignified pension system.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clases medias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pobreza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clases latentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vulnerabilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[middle classes, poverty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[latent-class models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vulnerability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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