<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2018000200341</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20430/ete.v85i338.342</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Impacto del uso de energía y formación bruta de capital en el crecimiento económico. Un análisis de datos de panel en 73 países agrupados por nivel de ingreso y producción de petróleo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Impact of Energy Use and Gross Capital Formation on Economic Growth. A Panel Data Analysis in 73 Countries Grouped by Income Level and Oil Production]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venegas-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Panamericana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>338</numero>
<fpage>341</fpage>
<lpage>364</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2018000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2018000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2018000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Esta investigación examina la relación entre el uso de energía (UEN) y la formación bruta de capital (FBC) fijo con la tasa de crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) en 73 países. Los países se agrupan con la clasificación del Banco Mundial sobre el ingreso: alto (30 países), medio alto (21 países) y medio bajo (22 países); se excluyen los países con nivel de ingreso bajo dado que no existen datos suficientes. La razón por la que se incluye la FBC es para ver cómo influye ésta en conjunción con el UEN en el crecimiento del PIB, ya que la FBC considera maquinaria y bienes de equipo que requieren energía.  Métodos: Se realizan pruebas de raíz unitaria y de cointegración de datos de panel, así como estimaciones de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios totalmente modificados (FMOLS) y mínimos cuadrados ordinarios dinámicos (DOLS) de datos de panel.  Resultados:  Los hallazgos empíricos son que el crecimiento del PIB es explicado por el UEN y la FBC a corto y largo plazos, excepto para el grupo con ingreso medio-alto, en el que a corto plazo el UEN no es significativo, mientras que la FBC sí lo es. También, en todos los grupos, a largo plazo, la FBC es explicada por el crecimiento del PIB y el UEN. Se destaca que en todos los grupos, a corto plazo, no existe relación causal entre el UEN y la FBC. Sorprendentemente, las economías con ingreso alto y medio-bajo presentan resultados similares. Por último, con una reclasificación como productores y no de petróleo para los primeros, a corto plazo, el crecimiento económico tiene una relación unidireccional hacia el UEN y la FBC, mientras que a largo plazo no hay relación alguna. Por el contrario, para los países no productores de petróleo, a corto y largo plazos, el crecimiento del PIB tiene una relación bidireccional con la FBC; sin embargo, a corto plazo sólo el UEN es explicado por el crecimiento económico.  Conclusiones:  Las diversas relaciones, a corto y largo plazos, obtenidas entre el UEN, la FBC y el crecimiento económico que empíricamente se encontraron proporcionan elementos sustanciales para el diseño de la política energética en 73 países.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  This paper examines the relationship between energy use (ENU) and gross capital formation (GCF) with the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in 73 countries. Countries are grouped according to the World Bank classification on income: high (30 countries), medium high (21 countries) and medium low (22 countries). Countries with a low income level are excluded due to insufficient data. The reason why the GCF is included is to study how it influences jointly with the ENU in the GDP growth since the GCF considers machinery and capital goods that require energy.  Methods:  Unit root and cointegration tests of panel data are performed, as well as estimates of fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares of data panel.  Results:  The empirical findings are that GDP growth is explained by ENU and GCF in the short and long run, except for the medium-high income group in which in the short run the ENU is not significant while the GCF is. Also, in all groups, in the long run, the GCF is explained by both GDP growth and ENU. It is highlighted that in all groups, in the short run, there is no causal relationship between ENU and GCF. Surprisingly, economies with high and low income have similar results. Finally, economic growth has an unidirectional relationship toward UEN and BCF, while in the long run there is no relation. In contrast, for non-oil-producing countries, in the short and long term, GDP growth has an bidirectional relationship with GCF. However, in the short run only the ENU is explained by economic growth.  Conclusions:  The various short and long-term relationships between ENU, GCF and economic growth that were empirically obtained provide substantial elements to energy policy designers of 73 countries.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[uso de energía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[formación bruta de capital]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis series de tiempo con datos de panel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[países productores de petróleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[energy use]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gross capital formation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[time series analysis with panel data]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[oil producing countries]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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