<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-0705</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nova scientia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nova scientia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-0705</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de La Salle Bajío A. C., Coordinación de Investigación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-07052021000100124</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21640/ns.v13i26.2691</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La naturaleza ontogenética, psicológica y epistemológica de los errores y obstáculos en la construcción de hipótesis científicas: un estudio de caso]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The ontogenetic, psychological, and epistemological nature of errors and obstacles in the construction of scientific hypotheses: a case study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stincer-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dení]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Couló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monroy Nasr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zuraya]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-07052021000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-07052021000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-07052021000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Un análisis del discurso argumentativo de estudiantes de posgrado de seis generaciones (seis años escolares) de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, nos muestra un conjunto de obstáculos y errores sistemáticos en el proceso de construcción de hipótesis, que serán elemento fundamental en la defensa de sus tesis de grado. En este trabajo argumentamos que la naturaleza de estos errores y obstáculos es ontogenética, psicológica y epistemológica. La naturaleza ontogenética está relacionada con una primacía, conservada por la evolución, de la lógica natural para resolver problemas por sobre la lógica formal. También de las dificultades que acarrea la arbitrariedad del lenguaje. La naturaleza psicológica tiene que ver con una posición del individuo frente a la evidencia y frente a la actividad científica. La evidencia por su contenido corre el riesgo de ser reprimida o rechazada porque constituye una desestabilización de la identidad del sujeto o de las creencias que tienen una función de sostén yoico. Encontramos dependencia psicológica del sujeto hacia sus asesores que les impide construir una afirmación propia. Así mismo, los estudiantes creen que el trabajo académico, más que una empresa de construcción de conocimientos es una actividad evaluadora del yo. Otros errores y obstáculos están relacionados con cuestiones propias de la actividad científica. Una hipótesis, generalmente, manifiesta relaciones causales. La noción de causa y de su naturaleza, desde la filosofía de la ciencia, es debatible. En el presente artículo proponemos algunas explicaciones de las desavenencias en el proceso de construir hipótesis científicas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: An analysis of the argumentative discourse of postgraduate students of six different cohorts of the Faculty of Psychology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, shows us a set of obstacles and systematic errors in the process of construction of a hypothesis (the latter being the hypothesis to defend in their thesis). In this paper, we argue that the nature of these errors and obstacles is ontogenetic, psychological, and epistemological. Ontogenetic obstacles are related to the primacy, reinforced through evolution, of natural logic over formal logic in problem solving. . The arbitrariness of language exacerbates difficulties in communicating a hypothesis. The psychological nature of errors has to do with a position of the individual towards evidence and scientific activity. The content of the evidence may be repressed or rejected because it constitutes a destabilization of the subject&#8217;s identity or of beliefs that have a function of ego support. We also perceive the subject's epistemic dependence on their thesis advisors that prevents them from affirming their own work. We observe there is a belief that academic work, rather than a process of knowledge building, is an evaluative activity of the self. Other errors and obstacles are related to questions specific to scientific activity. A hypothesis generally manifests causal relationships. The notion of cause and its nature, from the philosophy of science, is debatable. In the present article, we propose these explanations regarding the difficulties in the process of constructing a scientific hypothesis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hipótesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[discurso argumentativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[errores sistemáticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[obstáculos epistemológicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tesis de grado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ontogénesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[psicología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[epistemología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[discurso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hypothesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[argumentative discourse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[systematic errors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epistemological obstacles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ontogenesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[psychology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[science]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epistemology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[discourse]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bachelard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La formación del espíritu científico]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barceló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lógica y Lenguaje]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barceló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Words and images in argumentation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Argumentation]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>355-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beuchot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introducción a la lógica]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brousseau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Erreurs, difficultés, obstacles, texte propose comme annexe pour le cours : Situations fundamentales et processus génétiques de la statisque]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[XII école d´été de didactique des mathématiques]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do&#287;uo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction: A new role for emotions in epistemology?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do&#287;uo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemology and Emotions]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>1-32</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aldershot ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Copi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lógica simbólica]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CECSA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Couló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los obstáculos epistemológicos en la enseñanza de la lógica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obstáculos epistemológicos en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la filosofía y de la ciencia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>117-30</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Psicología, UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charnay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De l&#8217;analyse d&#8217;erreur en mathématiques aux dispositifs de remédiation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Repères]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>5-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damasio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El error de Descartes. La emoción, la razón y el cerebro humano]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crítica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epistemic feelings]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do&#287;uo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemology and emotions]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>185-205</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aldershot ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate Publishing, Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echevarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Similaridades, isomorfismos y homeomorfismos entre representaciones científicas (Similitudes, Isomorfisms and Homeomorfisms Among Scientific Representations)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoria. Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>89-112</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elgin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emotion and Understanding]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do&#287;uo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemology and Emotions]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>33-50</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aldershot ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate Publishing, Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Normatividad epistémica y estructura heurística del razonamiento]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crítica: Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>104</numero>
<issue>104</issue>
<page-range>69-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crítica de libros: Pensar rápido. Pensar despacio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Esic Market Economics and Business Journal]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>205-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La explicación de la ciencia: Un acercamiento cognoscitivo]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillaumin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El relativismo epistemológico visto a través de la teoría del cambio científico de Thomas Kuhn]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Relaciones. Estudios de historia y sociedad]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>120</numero>
<issue>120</issue>
<page-range>139-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hacking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Representing and Intervening]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hempel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La explicación científica: estudios sobre la filosofía de la ciencia]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hempel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía de la ciencia natural]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Universidad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hookway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epistemic immediacy, doubt and anxiety: On a role for affective states in epistemic evaluation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do&#287;uo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemology and Emotions]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>51-66</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aldershot ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate Publishing Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Houde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moutier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tzourio-Mazoyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corrección de los errores de razonamiento]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mente y Cerebro]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>62-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mormann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theories as representations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Poznan studies in the philosophy of the sciences and the humanities]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>59-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahneman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pensar rápido, pensar despacio]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Debate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinstock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The development of epistemological understanding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cognitive development]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>309-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woolgar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Representations in scientific practice]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge Mass ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ginnobili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconstrucción de patrones explicativos vs. Reconstrucción de teorías]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía e Historia de la Ciencia en el Cono Sur. Selección de trabajos del IX Encuentro y las XXV Jornadas de Epistemología e Historia de la Ciencia, Córdoba]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>417-28</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía de la Ciencia]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bernal ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Quilmes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El sentido común como obstáculo para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la lógica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obstáculos epistemológicos en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la filosofía y de la ciencia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>105-1116</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Psicología, UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La estructura de la ciencia]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olshanski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anatomía de larga vida]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación y Ciencia]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>296</numero>
<issue>296</issue>
<page-range>44-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Couló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic errors as an input for teaching logic. En Tools for Teaching Logic, TICTTL 2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lecture Notes in Computer Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>183-9</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lógica formal y argumentación como disciplinas complementarias]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MISC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olbrecht Tyteca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tratado de la Argumentación. La nueva Retórica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Gredos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Ransanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las emociones como ingrediente básico de nuestras representaciones. Representaciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios sobre Representaciones en Arte, Ciencia y Filosofía, SIRCA Publicaciones Académicas]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>121-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strike]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hewson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gertzog]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accommodation of a Scientific Conception: Toward a Theory of Conceptual Change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science Education]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>211-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reñón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Si de argumentar se trata. España]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Montesinos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saussure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Curso de lingüística general]]></source>
<year>1945</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Losada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stincer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El modelo argumentativo de Toulmin y la eficacia de titulación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>9-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thagard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Passionate Scientific: Emotion in Scientific Cognition]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carruthers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The cognitive basis of science]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>235-50</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thagard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Cognitions Meets Emotion: Beliefs, Desires, and Feelings as Neural Activity]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do&#287;uo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemology and Emotions]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>167-84</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aldershot ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate, Publishing, Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toulmin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The uses of argument]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Eemeren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grootendorst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A systematic theory of argumentation. The pragma-dialectical approach]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Fraassen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The scientific image]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Dijk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La ciencia del texto]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Dijk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Texto y contexto: semántica y pragmática del discurso]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cátedra]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vosgerau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El lenguaje y la razón]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación y Ciencia]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>433</numero>
<issue>433</issue>
<page-range>84-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wason]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>129-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
