<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3542</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física E]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fís. E]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3542</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35422008000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Students' understanding of vectors in the context of forces]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alfaro-Avena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.L]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dena-Ornelas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Quezada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.D]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad Juárez Chih]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad Juárez Chih]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35422008000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35422008000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35422008000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A functional understanding of Newton's second law as a vector equation requires that students be able to reason about forces as vectors. In this paper, we present data describing students' conceptual difficulties with forces as vectors. These data suggest that after traditional instruction in introductory physics, some students do not recognize the vector nature of this quantity. Other students do not have the necessary procedural knowledge to determine net force or acceleration, and are therefore unable to reason qualitatively about Newton's second law. We describe some specific procedural and reasoning difficulties we have observed in the students' use of vectors in the context of forces and Newton's second law. In addition, we encourage modifications in the instruction of mechanics that we designed on the basis of our research into student understanding. These modifications are intended to improve the students' understanding of vector addition and subtraction and to promote the students' use of vectors insolving mechanics problems]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Un entendimiento funcional de la segunda ley de Newton como ecuación vectorial requiere que los estudiantes sean capaces de razonar acerca de las fuerzas como vectores. En este artículo, presentamos datos que describen las dificultades conceptuales de los estudiantes con las fuerzas como vectores. Estos datos sugieren que, después de una instrucción tradicional en los cursos introductorios de física, algunos estudiantes no reconocen la naturaleza vectorial de esta cantidad. Otros estudiantes no tienen el conocimiento procedimental requerido para determinar la fuerza neta o la aceleración, y por lo tanto, son incapaces de reconocer la segunda ley de Newton cualitativamente. Describimos algunas dificultades de procedimiento y razonamiento observadas acerca del uso de vectores en el contexto de las fuerzas y la segunda ley de Newton. Además, se promueven modificaciones en la instrucción de la mecánica observadas en base a esta investigación dentro del entendimiento del estudiante. Estas modificaciones tienden a mejorar el entendimiento de la suma y resta de vectores por parte de los estudiantes y a promover el uso de vectores en los cursos de mecánica]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Newton's second law]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conceptual difficulties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[forces as vectors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Segunda ley de Newton]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dificultades conceptuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fuerzas como vectores]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Ense&ntilde;anza</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Students' understanding of vectors in the context of forces</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>S. Flores&#150;Garc&iacute;a,&ordf; L.L. Alfaro&#150;Avena<b>&ordf;</b>,  O. Dena&#150;Ornelas<b>&ordf;</b> and M.D. Gonz&aacute;lez&#150;Quezada<b><sup>b</sup></b></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>&ordf; Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez, Avenida del charro 450 Nte., Col. Partido Romero, 32310 Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez Chih. </i>e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:sergiflo@hotmail.com">sergiflo@hotmail.com</a>, <a href="mailto:lalfaro@uacj.mx">lalfaro@uacj.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:odena@uacj.mx">odena@uacj.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>b</sup> Instituto Tecnol&oacute;gico de Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez, Avenida Tecnol&oacute;gico 1340, Fracc. Crucero 32500, Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez Chih. </i>e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:doloresgo73@hotmail.com">doloresgo73@hotmail.com</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 20 de marzo de 2007    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Aceptado el 6 de junio de 2007</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A functional understanding of Newton's second law as a vector equation requires that students be able to reason about forces as vectors. In this paper, we present data describing students' conceptual difficulties with forces as vectors. These data suggest that after traditional instruction in introductory physics, some students do not recognize the vector nature of this quantity. Other students do not have the necessary procedural knowledge to determine net force or acceleration, and are therefore unable to reason qualitatively about Newton's second law. We describe some specific procedural and reasoning difficulties we have observed in the students' use of vectors in the context of forces and Newton's second law. In addition, we encourage modifications in the instruction of mechanics that we designed on the basis of our research into student understanding. These modifications are intended to improve the students' understanding of vector addition and subtraction and to promote the students' use of vectors insolving mechanics problems.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Newton's second law; conceptual difficulties; forces as vectors.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Un entendimiento funcional de la segunda ley de Newton como ecuaci&oacute;n vectorial requiere que los estudiantes sean capaces de razonar acerca de las fuerzas como vectores. En este art&iacute;culo, presentamos datos que describen las dificultades conceptuales de los estudiantes con las fuerzas como vectores. Estos datos sugieren que, despu&eacute;s de una instrucci&oacute;n tradicional en los cursos introductorios de f&iacute;sica, algunos estudiantes no reconocen la naturaleza vectorial de esta cantidad. Otros estudiantes no tienen el conocimiento procedimental requerido para determinar la fuerza neta o la aceleraci&oacute;n, y por lo tanto, son incapaces de reconocer la segunda ley de Newton cualitativamente. Describimos algunas dificultades de procedimiento y razonamiento observadas acerca del uso de vectores en el contexto de las fuerzas y la segunda ley de Newton. Adem&aacute;s, se promueven modificaciones en la instrucci&oacute;n de la mec&aacute;nica observadas en base a esta investigaci&oacute;n dentro del entendimiento del estudiante. Estas modificaciones tienden a mejorar el entendimiento de la suma y resta de vectores por parte de los estudiantes y a promover el uso de vectores en los cursos de mec&aacute;nica.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:   </b>Segunda ley de Newton; dificultades conceptuales; fuerzas como vectores.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 01.40.d; 01.40.Fk; 01.49.Ha</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmfe/v54n1/v54n1a2.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. L.C. McDermott, P. Shaffer, and the Physics Education Group at the University of Washington, <i>Tutorials in Introductory Physics </i>(Prentice&#150;Hall, New Jersey, 2002).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448746&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. D. Hestenes, M. Wells, and G. Sawckhamer, <i>Phys. Teach. </i><b>30</b> (1992) 14.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448747&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. P.S. Shaffer and L.C. McDermott, <i>Am. J. Phys. </i><b>73 </b>(2005) 921.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448748&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. S. Sjoberg and S. Lie, "Ideas about force and movement among Norwegian pupils and students," Report 81&#150;11, The Centre for School Science, University of Oslo, Blindere, Oslo 3, Norway, 1981.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448749&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. R.F. Gunstone and R.t. White, <i>Sci. Educ. </i><b>65</b> (1981) 291.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448750&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. J. Clement, <i>Am. J. Phys. </i><b>50</b> (1982) 66.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448751&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. A. Arons, "A guide to Introductory Physics Teaching," (Wiley, New York, 1990).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448752&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. L.C. McDermott, P.S. Shaffer, and M.D. Somers, <i>Am. J. Phys. </i><b>62</b> (1994) 46.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448753&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. S. Flores, "Student use of vectors in mechanics", dissertation to get the Physics PhD degree, New Mexico State University, July 1007.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8448754&pid=S1870-3542200800010000200009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
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