Growth of colonies and hyphal ultrastructure of filamentous fungi grown on dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Crecimiento de colonias y ultraestructura de hifas de hongos filamentosos cultivados en dibutil ftalato y di(2-etilhexil)ftalato
J.L. Suárez-Segundo2, D. Vázquez-López2, J.L. Torres-García2, M. Ahuactzin-Perez2, N. Montiel-Martínez3, S. Tlecuitl-Beristain4 and C. Sánchez1*
1 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala C. P. 90120. * Corresponding author. E-mail: sanher6@hotmail.com.
2 Licenciatura en Biología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México CP 90120.
]]> 3 Ing. en Agrotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala Región Poniente, Tlaxcala, México CP 90240.4 Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco. Tlaxcala C. P. 90180.
Received July 23 2013
Acepted July 14 2013
Abstract
Phthalates are compounds that give fl exnbíüty to the plastics and are considered mutagens and teratogens. Mycelial growth rate, biomass production and hyphal diameter of the young and mature zones of colonies of Fusarium oxysporum, Mortierella alpina, Pleurotuspulmonarius, two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Po 37 and Po 83) and one strain of Pleurotus florida grown on glucose, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate were studied. F oxysporum had the highest mycelial growth rate on media containing DEHP (270 mm/d) than on medium added with glucose (90 mm/d). From all the fungi, P. florida produced the highest amount of biomass in medium containing; glucose (280 mg/cm2). F. oxcysporum and M. alpina produced the highest amount of biomass in media containing DEHP (200 and 82 mg/cm2, respectively). This research suggests that some of these fungi (e.g. F. oxysporum and M. alpina) are able to use these compounds as sole carbon and energy sources, and that the hyphal diameter of some strains was affected by these phthalates. However, further studies need to becarried out on physiology of fungi, on the effect of phthalates in the hypha ultrastructure and on the degradation of phthalates to increase our current understanding of the fungal biodegradation of these compounds.
Keywords: biodegradation, dibutyl phthalate, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, filamentous fungi, mycelial growth.
]]> Resumen
Los ftalatos son compuestos que proporcionan flexibilidad a los plásticos y son considerados muta ágenos y teratógenos. En este trabajo se estudiaron la velocidad de crecimiento radial, la producción de biomasa y el diámetro de la hifa de las zonas joven y madura de colonias de Fusarium oxysporum, Mortierella alpina, Pleurotus pulmonarius, dos cepas de Pleurotus ostreatus (Po 37 and Po 83) y una cepa de Pleurotus florida crecidos sobre di (2-etilhexil) ftalato (DEHF) y dibutil ftalato. F. oxysporum presentó mayor velocidad de crecimiento radial en medio conteniendo DEHF (270 mm/d) que en medio conteniendo glucosa (90 mm/d). De todos los hongos estudiados, P. florida produjo la mayor cantidad de biomasa en el medio de cultivo adicionado con glucosa (280 mg/cm2). F. oxysporum y M. alpina produjeron la mayor cantidad de biomasa en el medio conteniendo DEHF (200 y 82 mg/cm2, respectivamente). Esta investigación sugiere que algunos de estos hongos (e.g. F. oxysporum y M. alpina) son capaces de utilizar estos compuestos como única fuente de carbono y energía, y que el diámetro de la hifa de estas cepas fue afectado por estos ftalatos. Sin embargo, es necesario llevar a cabo más estudios sobre la fisiología de estos hongos, sobre el efecto de estos compuestos en la ultraestructura de las hifas y sobre la degradación de ftalatos, para ampliar el conocimiento sobre la biodegradacioín de estos compuestos por hongos.
Palabras clave: biodegradación de ftalatos, crecimiento micelial, dibutil ftalato, di (2-etilhexil) ftalato, hongos filamentosos.
DESCARGAR ARTÍCULO EN FORMATO PDF
References
AOAC. (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edn. Arlington, Va. [ Links ]
Benson, R. (2009). Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters-dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 53, 90-101. [ Links ]
Cartwright, C.D., Owen, S.A., Thompson, I.P. y Richard, G. (2000). Biodegradation of diethyl phthalate in soil by a novel pathway. FEMS Microbiology Letters 186, 27-34. [ Links ]
Fromme , L., Gruber, E., Seckin, U., Raab, S., Zimmermann, M., Kiranoglu, M., Schlummer, U., Schwegler, S., Smolic, W. y Volkel. (2011). Phthalates and their metabolites in breast milk -Results from the bavarian monitoring of breast milk (BAMBI). Environment International 37, 715-722. [ Links ]
Geiss, O., Tirendi, S., Barrero-Moreno, J. y Kotzias, D. (2009). Investigation of volatile organic compounds and phthalates present in the cabin air of used private cars. Environment International 35, 1188-1195. [ Links ]
Hauser, R. y Calafat A.M. (2005). Phthalates and human health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62, 806-818. [ Links ]
Hines, E.P., Calafat, A.M., Silva, M.J., Mendola, P. y Fenton, S.E. (2009). Concentrations of phthalates metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and serum of lactating North Carolina women. Environmental Health Perspectives 117, 86-92. [ Links ]
Hwang, S.S., Choi, H.T. y Song, H.G. (2008). Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting phthalates by Pleurotus ostreatus. Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology 18, 767-772. [ Links ]
Hwang, S.S., Kim, H.Y., Ja, K.O. y Song, H.G. (2012). Changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the degradation of butylbenzyl phthalate by Pleurotus ostreatus. Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology 22, 239-243. [ Links ]
Kim, Y.H., Seo, H.S., Min, J., Kim, Y.C., Ban, Y.H., Han, K.Y., Park, K.D., Bea, M.B. y Lee, J. (2007). Enhanced degradation and toxicity reduction of dihexyl phthalate by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Pisi cutinase. Journal Applied Microbiology 102, 221-228. [ Links ]
Koniecki, D. y Wang, R. (2011). Phthalates in cosmetic and care product: concentrations and posible dermar exposure. Environmental Research 111, 329-336. [ Links ]
Luo, Z.H., Pang, K.L., Wu, Y.R., Gu, J.D., Chow, R.K. y Vrijmoed, L.L. (2012). Degradation of phthalates esters by Fusarium sp. DMT-5-3 and Trichosporon sp. DMI-5-1 isolated from mangrove sediments. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 53, 299-328. [ Links ]
Main, K.M., Mortensen, G.K., Kaleva, M.M., Boisen, K.A., Damgaard, I.N., Chellakooty, M., Schmidt, I.M., Suomi, A.M., Virtanen, H.E., Petersen, J.H., Andersson, A.M., Toppari, J. y Skakkebask, N.E. (2006). Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 270-276. [ Links ]
Matsumoto, M., Hirata-Koizumo, M. y Ema M. (2008). Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health: a review of recent studies on reproduction. Regulatory Toxicity Pharmaceutical 50, 37-49. [ Links ]
Psillakis, E., Mantzavinos, D. y Kalogerakis, N. (2004). Monitoring the sonochemical degradation of phthalate esters in water using solid-phase microextraction. Chemosphere 54, 849-857. [ Links ]
Rivera-Cruz M.C., Ferrera-Cerrato R., Volke-Haller, V., Fernández-Linares, L. y Rodríguez-Vázquez, R. (2002). Poblaciones microbianas en perfiles de suelos afectados por hidrocarburos del petróleo en el Estado de Tabasco, Mexico. Agrociencia 36, 149-159. [ Links ]
Sánchez, C., Téllez-Téllez, M., Díaz-Godínez, G. y Moore, D. (2004). Simple staining detects ultrastructural and biochemical differentiation of vegetative hyphae and fruit body initials in colonies of Pleurotus pulmonarius. Letters Applied Microbiology 38, 483-487. [ Links ]
Sánchez, C., y Viniegra-González, G. (1996). Detection of highly productive strains of Pleurotus ostreatus by their tolerance to 2-deoxy-D-glucose in starch-based media. Mycological Research 100, 455-461. [ Links ]
Schripp, T., Fauck, C. y Salthammer, T. (2010). Chamber studies on mass-transfer of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) from emission sources into hause dust. Atmospheric Environment 44, 2840-2845. [ Links ]
Xu, Y., Humbal, E.A.C. y Little, J.C. (2010). Predicting residential exposure to phthalate plasticizer emitted from vinyl flooring: sensitivity, uncertainty, and implications for biomonitoring. Environmental Health Perspectives 118, 253-558. [ Links ]
Zhu, J., Phillips, S.P., Feng, Y.L. y Yang, X. (2006). Phthalates esters in human milk: concentration variation over a six-month pospartum time. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 5276-5281. [ Links ]
]]>