<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-109X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Sinéctica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Sinéctica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-109X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, Departamento de Educación y Valores]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-109X2019000200008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31391/s2007-7033(2019)0053-008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Compensación sensorial y desarrollo de mapas mentales para la orientación y movilidad autónoma de niños ciegos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sensory compensation and development of mental maps for orientation and autonomous mobility in blind children]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Llamas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente Departamento de Estudios Socioculturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente Departamento de Psicología, Educación y Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>53</numero>
<fpage>0</fpage>
<lpage>0</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-109X2019000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-109X2019000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-109X2019000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los elementos involucrados en la capacidad de trasladarse autónomamente por parte de niños con discapacidad visual. La literatura muestra que hay poco conocimiento acerca de este tema, por lo que esta investigación aporta información del proceso de orientación en el espacio como elemento indispensable para lograr la movilidad autónoma. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre 2015 y 2018 con seis estudiantes de primaria de la Escuela para Niñas y Niños Ciegos de Guadalajara, AC (México). Encontramos que los niños y las niñas que pueden desplazarse sin ayuda en ambientes complejos utilizan otros sentidos: tacto, olfato, oído, propiocepción e identificación de temperatura para identificar puntos de referencia significativos del entorno y emplearlos para el desarrollo de mapas mentales. Estos hallazgos representan un avance en el entendimiento de la discapacidad visual en edades tempranas y, sobre todo, en la manera en la que se disminuyen las afectaciones a la orientación y movilidad autónoma.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the aspects involved in the ability of children with visual disabilities to achieve autonomous mobility. This ability depends on orientation and mobility skills. The literature on the subject shows that there is little knowledge about the topic, so this research contributes by providing information about the process of orientation in space as an essential element to achieve autonomous mobility. A multiple case study was conducted between 2015 and 2018 with six elementary students from the School for Blind Children of Guadalajara, AC (Mexico) to identify the elements involved in the ability to move autonomously and what those who do not, to determine which of them are essential to gain autonomy. Findings show that children, who can move without help in complex environments, use other of their senses: touch, smell, hearing, temperature identification, and proprioception to identify significant reference points of the environment and use them for the development of mental maps. These findings represent an advance in the understanding of visual disability at an early age and, above all, in the way to diminish impairment of orientation and autonomous mobility.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[orientación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[movilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autonomía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[discapacidad visual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[compensación sensorial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mapas mentales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orientation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mobility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[autonomy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[visual impairment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[children]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sensory compensation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mental maps]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alberti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alumnado con discapacidad visual]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Graó]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Gayou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maldonado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olguín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La investigación cualitativa]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambrose-Zaken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahav]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A discussion about blind aid virtual orientation, mobility, and blindfolding those with low vision]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>81-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ximena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venturelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabinovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecolocación humana: revisión histórica de un fenómeno particular. Primera parte]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Interdisciplinaria]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>335-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arnau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desarrollo curricular en el área de autonomía personal: programación para alumnos de educación primaria y secundaria con discapacidad visual]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Integración: Revista sobre Ceguera y Deficiencia Visual]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>2000</volume>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>13-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changing what It means to be &#8220;Normal&#8221;: A grounded theory study of the mobility choices of people who are blind or have low vision]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>291-301</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment and instruction of object permanence in children with blindness and multiple disabilities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>717-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geruschat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Connecting research on retinitis pigmentosa to the practice of orientation and mobility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>69-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retos. Nuevas tendencias en educación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Física, Deporte y Recreación]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>37-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ciegos conquistando la Ciudad de México: vulnerabilidad y accesibilidad en un entorno discapacitante]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Antropología]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>59-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jablan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhigikj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanimirovikj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The assessment of the level of development of spatial orientation in children with visual impairments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Special Education &amp; Rehabilitation]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>1/2</numero>
<issue>1/2</issue>
<page-range>7-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Autonomía personal: orientación y movilidad y habilidades de vida diaria]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berruezo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Discapacidad visual: desarrollo, comunicación e intervención]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Editorial Universitario]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neiman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quaranta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los estudios de caso en la investigación cualitativa]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasilachis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estrategias de investigación cualitativa]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gedisa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización Mundial de la Salud</collab>
<source><![CDATA[En el mundo hay unos 45 millones de ciegos y la cifra va en aumento]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piaget]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemología genética y equilibración]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundamentos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piaget]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Génesis de las estructuras lógicas elementales]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Renshaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using a tactile map with a 5-year-old child in a large-scale outdoor environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Re:View]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>113-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roselló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baute]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lázaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimulación temprana en niños con baja visión]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>659-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Developing mathematical concepts through orientation and mobility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[RE:View: Rehabilitation Education for Blindness and Visual Impairment]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>161-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación con estudio de casos]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Morata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vigotsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fundamentos de defectología, Obras completas]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cuba ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pueblo y Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Case study research. Design and methods]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zebehazy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An examination of characteristics related to the social skills of youths with visual impairments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>84-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
