<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-8897</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-8897</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-88972016000300433</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de la calidad ecológica de los ríos en Puerto Rico: principales amenazas y herramientas de evaluación]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ecological evaluation of streams in Puerto Rico: major threats and evaluation tools]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Puerto Rico Departamento de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Puerto Rico Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>433</fpage>
<lpage>441</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-88972016000300433&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-88972016000300433&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-88972016000300433&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes. Los ecosistemas de río reflejan los impactos que los seres humanos tienen sobre el ambiente. Entender las amenazas a los que están expuestos estos ecosistemas y tener herramientas para evaluar estos impactos es esencial para la conservación y el manejo de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Puerto Rico es una isla oceánica con alta presencia humana y altas presiones de uso sobre sus recursos de agua dulce que resultan en impactos sobre los cuerpos de agua. Los insectos acuáticos responden claramente a la contaminación y son buenos indicadores de los impactos antropogénicos en ríos.  Objetivos. Describir las principales amenazas a la condición ecológica de los ríos en Puerto Rico y proponer dos índices ecológicos basados en macroinvertebrados que permite la evaluación de la condición de los ríos en la isla.  Métodos.  Se propone una metodología estándar de muestreo para el uso adecuado de los índices Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) e Índice Biótico de Familias (IBF) modificados para Puerto Rico.  Resultados. Las mayores amenazas sobre los ecosistemas acuáticos de Puerto Rico están asociadas a la urbanización, la extracción de agua, y descargas de aguas residuales no tratadas. Para la elaboración de los índices, se le asignó un valor de tolerancia a cada uno de los 87 grupos taxonómicos de macroinvertebrados acuáticos reportados para Puerto Rico. Basados en muestreos, se desarrollaron escalas de impacto para el BMWP-PR y el IBF-PR. Además, se desarrolló una metodología estandarizada para evitar sesgos de muestreo.  Conclusiones. El estado de conservación de los ríos en Puerto Rico es relativamente bueno comparado con otras regiones tropicales. Los índices propuestos (BMWP-PR, IBF-PR) representan las primeras herramientas desarrolladas para la isla con el objetivo de evaluar la condición ecológica de los ríos. Los índices se proponen como un punto de partida, futuros esfuerzos deben contemplar la elaboración de herramientas adicionales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background.  Stream ecosystems reflect human impacts on the environment. An understanding of the threats affecting these ecosystems and the development of tools to assess them is key for the conservation and management of aquatic ecosystems. Puerto Rico is an oceanic island with dense human presence and strong pressures over freshwater resources that result in the degradation of water bodies. Aquatic macroinvertebrates respond to pollution and are good indicators of anthropogenic impacts on streams.  Goals.  To describe major threats to the ecological condition of streams in Puerto Rico and introduce two biomonitoring indices based on macroinvertebrates that allow for the assessment of stream condition on the island.  Methods.  We proposed a standardized methodology for the use of the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) and Family Biotic Index (FBI) modified for Puerto Rico.  Results.  Major threats to aquatic ecosystems in Puerto Rico are associated with urbanization, water extraction, and untreated water discharges. For the elaboration of the indices, a tolerance value was assigned to each of the 87 taxonomic groups reported for Puerto Rico. Based on stream sampling, impact scales were developed for the BMWP-PR and FBI-PR. In addition, a standardized methodology is proposed to avoid sampling biases.  Conclusions.  The conservation status of rivers in Puerto Rico is relatively good compared with other tropical regions. The indices proposed (BMWP-PR, FBI-PR) are the first developed for the island with the goal of evaluating the ecological condition of streams. The indices are proposed as a starting point, future efforts should focus on the development of additional tools.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biological Monitoring Working Party]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biomonitoreo acuático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conservación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecología de ríos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Índice Biótico de Familias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Aquatic biomonitoring]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biological Monitoring Working Party]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conservation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Family Biotic Index]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stream ecology]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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