<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-6266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta universitaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta univ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-6266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guanajuato, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-62662018000500034</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15174/au.2018.1766</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Animal nutrition strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cattle]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estrategias de nutrición animal para reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en ganado lechero]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Huerta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinos-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebreab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ermias]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano Oeste ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Salinas de Hidalgo San Luis Potosí]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of California Deparment of Animal Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>34</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-62662018000500034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-62662018000500034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-62662018000500034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze different animal nutrition strategies from published papers to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in dairy cattle. Ration data used (n = 32 diets) was obtained from 15 published papers selected according to differences between forage:concentrate ratio and crude protein (CP) content. An empirical model was used to estimate enteric methane emissions based on fiber and CP content in the diets. The N2O emission was calculated according to Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations. Differences between CH4 and N2O affected by FC or CP content were analyzed through a variance analysis. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was carried out to compare CP content and nitrogen excretion in feces, urine and milk. Estimations of enteric CH4 were not significantly different between diets with various forage content levels. Diets with high concentrate content had lower GHG intensity. Nitrogen excretion in feces and urine increased linearly as dietary protein level was increased from the lowest to the highest concentrations, but conversion of nitrogen intake to nitrogen excreted in milk was not affected by increasing dietary protein. In conclusion, dietary manipulation could decrease GHG emissions by unit of produced milk.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar diferentes estrategias de alimentación animal de diferentes artículos publicados para disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), en particular metano y óxido nitroso, en ganado lechero. Datos de dietas usados (32 dietas) fueron obtenidos de 15 estudios publicados y seleccionados de acuerdo a diferencias entre la proporción de forraje: concentrado y el contenido de proteína cruda (PC). Se utilizó un modelo empírico para estimar las emisiones de metano entérico basado en el contenido de fibra y PC en las dietas. Las emisiones de N2O fueron calculadas de acuerdo a las recomendaciones del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés). Diferencias entre CH4 y N2O afectados por el contenido de Forraje y PC, fueron analizados mediante un análisis de varianza. Además, se realizó un análisis de correlación para comparar el contenido de PC y la excreción de nitrógeno en el estiércol, la orina y la leche. No se presentaron diferencias significativas en estimaciones de CH4 de entérico entre dietas con distintos contenidos de forraje. Las dietas con mayor contenido de concentrado presentaron las menores intensidades de GEI. La excreción de nitrógeno en el estiércol y la orina se incrementó linealmente al aumentar el contenido de proteína, desde las concentraciones más bajas a las más altas, pero la conversión de nitrógeno consumido a nitrógeno en leche no se vio afectado por incrementos de proteína en la dieta. En conclusión, la manipulación de las raciones podría reducir las emisiones de GEI por unidad de producción de leche.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nitrogen excretion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[feeding manipulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[methane]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nitrous oxide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[milk]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Excreción de nitrógeno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manipulación de la alimentación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[metano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[óxido nitroso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[leche]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hristov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ndegwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaddella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of ruminally degraded protein on rumen fermentation and ammonia losses from manure in dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1625-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguerre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wattiaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broderick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arndt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of forage-to-concentrate ratio in dairy cow diets on emission of methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, lactation performance, and manure excretion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>3081-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arriaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calsamiglia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nutritional and management strategies on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of lactating dairy cattle on commercial farms: An environmental perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>204-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broderick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of varying dietary ratios of alfalfa silage to corn silage on production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>3924-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burkholder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guyton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKinney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knowlton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of steam flaked or dry ground corn and supplemental phytic acid on nitrogen partitioning in lactating cows and ammonia emission from manure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2546-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Animal Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2160-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebreab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[France]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with the environmental pollution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Animal and Feed Science]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colmenero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broderick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1704-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Triennial lactation symposium: Opportunities for improving milk production efficiency in dairy cattle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Animal Science]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1687-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davidson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brownie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1681-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dijkstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[France]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebreab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reijs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bannink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of nutritional strategies on simulated nitrogen excretion and methane emissions in dairy cattle]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sauvant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Milgen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faverdin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friggens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelling nutrient digestion and utilization in farm animals]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>394-402</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Netherlands ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wageningen Academic Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fahey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Carbohydrate nutrition of ruminants]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Church]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The ruminant animal digestive physiology and nutrition]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>269-95</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice-Hall, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Food and Agriculture Organization statistical database]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kononoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Utilization of nitrogen in cows consuming wet distillers grains with solubles in alfalfa and corn silage-based dairy rations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>3166-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Milk production and nitrogen excretion of dairy cows fed different amounts of protein and varying proportions of alfalfa and corn silage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>3619-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hristov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAllister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ndegwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of Animal Science]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hristov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heyler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schurman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griswold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dinh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Case study: Reducing dietary protein decreased the ammonia-emitting potential of manure from commercial dairy farms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Professional Animal Scientis]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>68-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emissions from livestock and manure management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Mitigation of the climate change. Climate Change 2007]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdom and New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Change 2013-The Physical Basis: Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, United Kingdom-New York, NY, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ipharraguerre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Varying protein and starch in the diet of dairy cows. II. Effects on performance and nitrogen utilization for milk production]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>2556-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methane emissions from cattle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2483-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebreab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dijkstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bannink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[France]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent advances in modeling nutrient utilization in ruminants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Animal Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>^s14</numero>
<issue>^s14</issue>
<supplement>14</supplement>
<page-range>E111-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knowlton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mertens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Manure nutrient excretion by Jersey and Holstein cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>407-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jouany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doreau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chilliard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Animal Science]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>2642-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyrrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methane production in dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1583-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duxbury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinemeyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Climatic Change]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jouany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newbold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annales de Zootechnie]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2000</numero>
<issue>2000</issue>
<page-range>231-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rates of production of methane in the rumen and large intestines of sheep]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Nutrition]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[GISS Surface temperature analysis]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>National Resource Council</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[National Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academy Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oenema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wrage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velthof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Groeningen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolfing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuikman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in global nitrous oxide emission from animal production systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zinn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protein metabolism of ruminant animals]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Church]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The ruminant animal digestive physiology and nutrition]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>229-49</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice-Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>R Development Core Team</collab>
<source><![CDATA[R: A language and environmental for statistical computing]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Austria ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGilliard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interactions of energy and predicted metabolizable protein in determining nitrogen efficiency in the lactating dairy cow]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>2034-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wassenaar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Haan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Livestock&#8217;s long shadow: Environmental issues and options]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rome, Italy ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Soest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nutritional ecology of the ruminant]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ruminant metabolism, nutritional strategies, the cellulolytic fermentation and the chemistry of forages and plant fibers]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ithaca, New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornell University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Zijderveld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerrits]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dijkstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newbold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulshof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Persistency of methane mitigation by dietary nitrate supplementation in dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>4028-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nienaber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freetly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conservation of nitrogen in cattle feedlot waste with urease inhibitors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Animal Science]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1162-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[St-Pierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKelvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wyatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Varying forage type, metabolizable protein concentration, and carbohydrate source affects manure excretion, manure ammonia, and nitrogen metabolism of dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>5607-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agnew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kilpatrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mitigation of enteric methane emissions through improving efficiency of energy utilization and productivity in lactating dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2630-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
