<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992019000300731</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/rica.2019.35.03.18</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN THE GULF OF GUAYAQUIL: EVEN LIMITED DATA REFLECTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITY]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[CONTAMINACIÓN POR METALES PESADOS EN EL GOLFO DE GUAYAQUIL: INCLUSO DATOS LIMITADOS REFLEJAN IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES DE LAS ACTIVIDADES ANTRÓPICAS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarrete-Forero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales Baren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lady]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominguez-Granda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pontón Cevallos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marín Jarrín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Centro del Agua y Desarrollo Sustentable ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas Centro del Agua y Desarrollo Sustentable]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Humboldt State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ California]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>731</fpage>
<lpage>755</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992019000300731&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992019000300731&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992019000300731&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The Gulf of Guayaquil, the largest estuary on the Pacific coast of South America, provides livelihoods for fishing communities that supply seafood to national markets. Activities like mining and agriculture are major sources of contamination in the estuary, yet their effects on the ecosystem have not been determined. Publicly-available data were compiled to provide an overview of the level of contamination in water, sediment and seafood in this system. Measured concentrations (Cm) were compared with their corresponding permitted levels (Csl) defined in international regulations. Comparison outcomes were classified using a traffic-light color scale: green for ideal conditions (Cm &lt; Csl × 10-1), yellow for alert situations that require precautionary measures (Csl × 10-1 &#8804; Cm &#8804; Csl × 10), or red for dangerous situations that must be remediated (Cm &gt; Csl × 10). A total of 24 studies were found. Cadmium, mercury and lead were the most commonly analyzed elements. Water samples showed the highest percentage of dangerous levels (&gt; 70 % for Cd, &gt; 80 % for Hg). Extreme concentrations of Hg (1000 times &gt; Csl) were reported for clams (Anadara spp.) and crabs (Ucides occidentalis) collected in the southern zone impacted by gold mining. Studies evidenced the limited use of quality assurance and control procedures on the data-gathering process, resulting in uncertainty. By using orders of magnitude to assess contamination levels, the effects of low precision in the pattern of contamination were reduced. This contribution intends to inform stakeholders about the implications for public health.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El golfo de Guayaquil, el mayor estuario de la costa Pacífica sudamericana, provee sustento para comunidades pesqueras artesanales que surten el mercado nacional. Actividades como la minería y la agricultura son fuentes de contaminación del estuario, pero sus efectos en el ecosistema no han sido monitoreados. Se recopilaron datos públicos para mostrar el nivel de contaminación del agua, sedimentos y mariscos del sistema. Las concentraciones medidas (Cm) se compararon con sus correspondientes niveles permisibles (Csl) definidos en regulaciones internacionales. Los resultados fueron clasificados usando una escala de color de tipo semáforo: verde para condiciones ideales (Cm &lt; Csl × 10-1), amarillo para situaciones de alerta (Csl × 10-1 &#8804; Cm &#8804; Csl × 10), o rojo para situaciones peligrosas que deben ser remediadas (Cm &gt; Csl × 10). Se encontraron 24 estudios, principalmente sobre cadmio, mercurio y plomo. Los estudios de agua mostraron el mayor porcentaje de muestras en niveles peligrosos (Cd &gt; 70 % y Hg &gt; 80 %). Concentraciones extremas de mercurio (1000 veces &gt; Csl) se reportaron en almejas (Anadara spp.) y cangrejos (Ucides occidentalis) recolectados en un sector impactado por la minería de oro. Los estudios ponen en evidencia un limitado uso de procedimientos para asegurar y controlar la calidad durante la recolección de datos, lo cual resulta en incertidumbre. Usando órdenes de magnitud para evaluar los niveles de contaminación, se redujeron los efectos de la imprecisión en el patrón de contaminación. Esta contribución busca informar a los encargados de la toma de decisiones sobre las implicaciones en salud pública.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cadmium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mercury]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lead]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mangrove]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical eastern Pacific]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cadmio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mercurio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plomo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manglar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pacífico tropical oriental]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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