<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46112024000300104</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14350/rig.60915</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fallas activas en Zamora, Michoacán, México: afectación y monitoreo.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Active faults in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico: impact and monitoring]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Madrigal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaseñor Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cecilia Irene]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores Lázaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Netzahualcóyotl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Intercultural Indígena de Michoacán  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pátzcuaro Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes  Departamento de Ingeniería Civil]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Aguascalientes Ags.]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de la Construcción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia Mich.]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Intercultural Indígena de Michoacán  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pátzcuaro Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>115</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000300104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000300104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000300104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La subsidencia por sobreexplotación del agua subterránea es uno de los fenómenos que más afectan a zonas urbanas de México situadas sobre depósitos no consolidados, como ocurre en Zamora. Esta ciudad, ubicada al noroeste del estado de Michoacán sobre sedimentos lacustres y fluviolacustres, es reconocida internacionalmente por su alta producción y procesamiento de fresas. Una actividad económica que demanda grandes volúmenes de agua de alta calidad, lo que ha llevado a una intensa extracción de agua subterránea. La subsidencia en Zamora comenzó a manifestarse en 2008 a través de fallas geológicas superficiales y activas, que, a pesar de causar graves daños a la infraestructura, no habían sido estudiadas adecuadamente. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos cartografiar por primera vez y a gran escala dichas estructuras; cuantificar la tasa de deformación y nivel de impacto, y analizar la relación entre el proceso de generación de fallas superficiales asociadas a la subsidencia diferencial con el sistema de fallas de origen tectónico regional y trayectoria de afluentes antiguos. Para ello fueron identificadas deformaciones en la infraestructura urbana asociadas al hundimiento diferencial; se implementó un sistema de monitoreo GPS sobre puntos de control terrestre ubicados estratégicamente sobre ambos bloques de las fallas; se calculó el Grado de Impacto Urbano (GIU) a partir de relaciones espaciales de intersección y proximidad entre la franja de afectación, eje de falla y predio urbano, y fue evaluada la sobreposición cartográfica entre el fallamiento superficial, mancha urbana actual, sistema de fallas regional, y trayectos del escurrimiento superficial de la época colonial. Los resultados muestran que la ciudad de Zamora se ve afectada por cuatro fallas superficiales: &#8220;Centro&#8221;, &#8220;Colegio&#8221;, &#8220;Porvenir&#8221; y &#8220;Campestre&#8221;. Las dos primeras, más antiguas, presentan GIU de 0.36 y 0.42, respectivamente; tasa de hundimiento máximo de 15.2 mm/año con tendencia de desaceleración, y dirección general NW-SE con trayectoria cóncava hacia el sur donde se ubica el bloque hundido. La falla &#8220;Porvenir&#8221;, con GIU de 0.31, tiene una trayectoria WNW-ESE semicóncava hacia el norte donde se ubica su bloque caído, y tasa de hundimiento máximo de 9.3 mm/año también en desaceleración. En estas tres fallas la ubicación del bloque hundido y trayectoria del escarpe no son congruentes con la geometría del fallamiento regional, pero sí con la antigua trayectoria del río Duero y canal Los Espinos (fallas Centro y Colegio), y del dren El Calvario (falla El Porvenir), por lo que su control estructural se asocia a paleocanales y sus factores condicionantes a depósitos fluviales de las épocas prehispánica y colonial. En contraste, la falla superficial Campestre, que es la más joven de todas y también la que mayor impacta a la infraestructura habitacional (GIU=0.45), presenta bloque caído al sur y dirección WNW-ESE coincidente con la falla profunda Villa Fuerte y la geometría del bordo septentrional del mayor hundimiento regional del Valle de Zamora. La subsidencia regional activa en combinación con paleocanales que son muy comunes en un valle de frecuentes inundaciones como el de Zamora, con geometría del basamento tipo graben y extracción intensa de agua subterránea; es factor condicionante importante para el desarrollo de fallas superficiales activas y dinámicas en donde se generan o reactivan, se desarrollan, y &#8220;mueren&#8221; o estabilizan. La cartografía, grado de impacto urbano y velocidad de hundimiento de las fallas activas de Zamora permitirán establecer políticas públicas encaminadas a la planificación del crecimiento urbano y agroindustrial de la región con enfoque en la reducción de riesgos de desastres.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Subsidence due to groundwater overexploitation is one of the phenomena that most affects urban areas in Mexico located on unconsolidated deposits, as is the case in Zamora. This city, located in the northwestern part of the state of Michoacán on lacustrine and fluvial-lake sediments, is internationally recognized for its high production and processing of strawberries. This economic activity demands large volumes of high quality water, which has led to intense groundwater extraction. Subsidence in Zamora began to manifest itself in 2008 through surface and active geological faults, which, despite causing serious damage to infrastructure, had not been adequately studied. The objectives of this work are to map these structures for the first time and on a large scale; to quantify the rate of deformation and level of impact; and to analyze the relationship between the generation process of surface faults associated with differential subsidence and the fault system of regional tectonic origin and the trajectory of ancient tributaries. For this purpose, deformations in the urban infrastructure associated with differential subsidence were identified; a GPS monitoring system was implemented on ground control points strategically located on both fault blocks; the Degree of Urban Impact (GIU) was calculated from spatial relationships of intersection and proximity between the affected strip, fault axis and urban property; and the cartographic overlap between the surface faulting, current urban area, regional fault system, and trajectories of surface runoff from colonial times was evaluated. The results show that the city of Zamora is affected by four surface faults: &#8220;Centro&#8221;, &#8220;Colegio&#8221;, &#8220;Porvenir&#8221; and &#8220;Campestre&#8221;. The first two, older, present GIU of 0.36 and 0.42, respectively; maximum subsidence rate of 15.2 mm/year with a decelerating trend; and general NW-SE direction with a concave trajectory towards the south where the subsided block is located. The &#8220;Porvenir&#8221; fault with GIU of 0.31, has a WNW-ESE semi-concave trajectory towards the north where its down-dropped block is located, and maximum subsidence rate of 9.3 mm/year also in deceleration. In these three faults, the location of the sunken block and the scarp trajectory are not congruent with the geometry of the regional faulting, but with the ancient trajectory of the Duero river and Los Espinos channel (Centro and Colegio faults), and of the El Calvario drainage (El Porvenir fault), so their structural control is associated with paleochannels and their conditioning factors with fluvial deposits from pre-Hispanic and colonial times. In contrast, the Campestre surface fault, which is the youngest of all and also the one that has the greatest impact on the housing infrastructure (GIU=0.45), has a south-falling block and a WNW-ESE direction coincident with the Villa Fuerte deep fault and the geometry of the northern edge of the largest regional subsidence in the Zamora Valley. The active regional subsidence in combination with paleochannels that are very common in a valley of frequent floods such as the Zamora Valley, with graben-like basement geometry and intense groundwater extraction, is an important conditioning factor for the development of active and dynamic surface faults where they are generated and/or reactivated, develop, and &#8220;die&#8221; or stabilize. The mapping, degree of urban impact and rate of subsidence of the active faults of Zamora will allow the establishment of public policies aimed at planning the urban and agro-industrial growth of the region with a focus on disaster risk reduction.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[río Duero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hundimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fallas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[afectación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[subsidencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Duero river]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sinking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[faults]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[affectation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[subsidence]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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