<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46111999000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de dos métodos para la estimación de biomasa arbórea a través de datos LANDSAT TM en Jusnajab La Laguna, Chiapas, México: estudio de caso]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escandón Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ben H. J. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa Gaona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[March Mifsut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Angel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur División de Sistemas de Producción Alternativos Departamento de Agroecología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur División Conservación y Biodiversidad Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur División Conservación y Biodiversidad Departamento de Ordenamiento Ecológico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>40</numero>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46111999000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46111999000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46111999000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se evaluaron dos métodos para estimar biomasa arbórea con apoyo en sensores remotos (LANDSATTM). El primer método se realizó con base en una clasificación supervisada multiespectral con seis bandas Se utilizaron tipos de vegetación identificados a partir de la composición de biomasa de los géneros dominantes y de la altura promedio estimada del dosel habiéndose distinguido ocho clases de vegetación. Se obtuvo una biomasa total de 1 073 x 10³t (902 x 10³t a 1220 x 10³t). En el segundo método se utilizaron índices diferenciados de vegetación (NDVI) de las bandas TM4/TM3; TM4/TM5 y TM4/TM7. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión que relaciona la biomasa promedio con los valores digitales (VD) de los NDVI. El modelo exponencial fue el de mejor ajuste para los tres NDVI con una p &#8804; 0.01 Los valores de los NVDI fueron TM4/TM3: R²=0.611; TM4/TM5: R²=0.671 y TM4/TM7: R²=0.676. La biomasa total estimada con cada NDVI fue de 1 164 x 10³t (490 x 10³t a 2 409 x 10³) para TM4/TM3; de 515 x 10³1 (331 x 10³t a 757 x 10³t) para TM4/TM5 y de 726 x 10ª t (398 x 10³1 a 1 210 x 10³1) para TM4/TM7. El resultado de la biomasa total calculada por el método de clasificación multiespectral, comparado con los valores estimados por el método de ordenamiento exponencial, mostró mayor similitud con el valor máximo del NDVI que relaciona las bandas TM4/TM7 (de mayor ajuste estadístico) y con el valor promedio del NDVI TM4/TM3 (de menor ajuste estadístico). Utilizando el NDVI TM4/TM5, todos los valores de biomasa resultaron más bajos. De este estudio se concluye que es posible asociar razonablemente la biomasa de vegetación arbolada de pino-encino y reservorios de carbono con los índices de vegetación A través del uso de sensores remotos se podrían predecir cambios de biomasa en escalas temporales y espaciales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Two approaches to estimate arboreal biomass with remote sensing (LANDSAT TM) are evaluated In the first approach a multi-spectral supervised classification with six bands was applied The classification of the vegetation types is based on biomass composition of the dominant tree species and canopy height. Eight vegetation types could be distinguished. According to this approach the total tree biomass amounted to 1 073 x 10³ t (902 to 1 220 x 10³t). In the second approach a Normal Differentiated Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the band combinations TM4/TM3, TM4/TM5 and TM4/TM7 was used, A regression equation was developed to relate arboreal biomass with NDVI. Using these equations, the total biomass was estimated at 1 164 x 10³ T (490 to 2 409 x 10³T) for TM4/TM3; at 515 x 10³t (331 to 757 x 10³t) for TM4/TM5 and 726 x 10³t (398 to 1 210 x 10³t) for TM4/TM7. The average biomass estimation of the NDVI using TM4rTM3 is similar to the estimation using the classification approach, but the 95% confidence Interval is wider. Meanwhile, the biomass estimation of the NDVI using TM4/TMI5 and TM4/TM7 was lower than the biomass estimation from the classification approach, but both showed a narrow 95% confidence interval. The results of this study Indicate that it is possible to estimate within a reasonable confidence interval the tree biomass of pine-oak forest using an ordination approach with NDVI As such, remote sensing could be used to estimate temporal and spatial changes in aboveground biomass.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biomasa arbórea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sensores remotos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clasificación supervisada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[índice normalizado de vegetación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelos de regresión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tree biomass]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[remote sensing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[supervised classification]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Normal Differentiated Vegetation Index]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regression models]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Evaluaci&oacute;n de dos m&eacute;todos para la estimaci&oacute;n de biomasa arb&oacute;rea a trav&eacute;s de datos LANDSAT TM en Jusnajab La Laguna, Chiapas, M&eacute;xico: estudio de caso</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Jorge Escand&oacute;n Calder&oacute;n* Ben H. J. de Jong** Susana Ochoa Gaona*** Ignacio March Mifsut**** Miguel Angel Castillo****</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>*El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apdo. Postal 63. 29200, San Crist&oacute;bal de Las Casas, Chiapas, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>**Departamento de Agroecolog&iacute;a, Divisi&oacute;n de Sistemas de Producci&oacute;n Alternativos, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR;. Apdo. Postal 63. 29200. San Crist&oacute;bal de Las Casas. Chiapas, M&eacute;xico. E&#45;mail</i>: <a href="mailto:bjong@sclc.ecosur.mx">bjong@sclc.ecosur.mx</a></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>***Departamento de Ecolog&iacute;a y Sistem&aacute;tica, Divisi&oacute;n Conservaci&oacute;n y Biodiversidad. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) Apdo. Postal 63, 29200, San Crist&oacute;bal de Las Casas, Chiapas, M&eacute;xico</i>.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>****Departamento de Ordenamiento Ecol&oacute;gico, Divisi&oacute;n de Conservaci&oacute;n y Biodiversidad. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apdo. Postal 63, 29200, San Crist&oacute;bal de Las Casas, Chiapas, M&eacute;xico</i>.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> 	Recibido: 2 de enero de 1999    <br> 	Aceptado en versi&oacute;n final: 16 de agosto de 1999</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se evaluaron dos m&eacute;todos para estimar biomasa arb&oacute;rea con apoyo en sensores remotos (LANDSATTM). El primer m&eacute;todo se realiz&oacute; con base en una clasificaci&oacute;n supervisada multiespectral con seis bandas Se utilizaron tipos de vegetaci&oacute;n identificados a partir de la composici&oacute;n de biomasa de los g&eacute;neros dominantes y de la altura promedio estimada del dosel habi&eacute;ndose distinguido ocho clases de vegetaci&oacute;n. Se obtuvo una biomasa total de 1 073 x 10<sup>3</sup>t (902 x 10<sup>3</sup>t a 1220 x 10<sup>3</sup>t). En el segundo m&eacute;todo se utilizaron &iacute;ndices diferenciados de vegetaci&oacute;n (NDVI) de las bandas TM4/TM3; TM4/TM5 y TM4/TM7. Se aplic&oacute; un modelo de regresi&oacute;n que relaciona la biomasa promedio con los valores digitales (VD) de los NDVI. El modelo exponencial fue el de mejor ajuste para los tres NDVI con una p &#8804; 0.01 Los valores de los NVDI fueron TM4/TM3: R<sup>2</sup>=0.611; TM4/TM5: R<sup>2</sup>=0.671 y TM4/TM7: R<sup>2</sup>=0.676. La biomasa total estimada con cada NDVI fue de 1 164 x 10<sup>3</sup>t (490 x 10<sup>3</sup>t a 2 409 x 10<sup>3</sup>) para TM4/TM3; de 515 x 10<sup>3</sup>1 (331 x 10<sup>3</sup>t a 757 x 10<sup>3</sup>t) para TM4/TM5 y de 726 x 10&ordf; t (398 x 10<sup>3</sup>1 a 1 210 x 10<sup>3</sup>1) para TM4/TM7. El resultado de la biomasa total calculada por el m&eacute;todo de clasificaci&oacute;n multiespectral, comparado con los valores estimados por el m&eacute;todo de ordenamiento exponencial, mostr&oacute; mayor similitud con el valor m&aacute;ximo del NDVI que relaciona las bandas TM4/TM7 (de mayor ajuste estad&iacute;stico) y con el valor promedio del NDVI TM4/TM3 (de menor ajuste estad&iacute;stico). Utilizando el NDVI TM4/TM5, todos los valores de biomasa resultaron m&aacute;s bajos. De este estudio se concluye que es posible asociar razonablemente la biomasa de vegetaci&oacute;n arbolada de pino&#45;encino y reservorios de carbono con los &iacute;ndices de vegetaci&oacute;n A trav&eacute;s del uso de sensores remotos se podr&iacute;an predecir cambios de biomasa en escalas temporales y espaciales.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave</b>: Biomasa arb&oacute;rea, sensores remotos, clasificaci&oacute;n supervisada, &iacute;ndice normalizado de vegetaci&oacute;n, modelos de regresi&oacute;n.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Two approaches to estimate arboreal biomass with remote sensing (LANDSAT TM) are evaluated In the first approach a multi&#45;spectral supervised classification with six bands was applied The classification of the vegetation types is based on biomass composition of the dominant tree species and canopy height. Eight vegetation types could be distinguished. According to this approach the total tree biomass amounted to 1 073 x 10<sup>3</sup> t (902 to 1 220 <i>x</i> 10<sup>3</sup>t). In the second approach a Normal Differentiated Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the band combinations TM4/TM3, TM4/TM5 and TM4/TM7 was used, A regression equation was developed to relate arboreal biomass with NDVI. Using these equations, the total biomass was estimated at 1 164 x 10<sup>3</sup> T (490 to 2 409 x 10<sup>3</sup>T) for TM4/TM3; at 515 x 10<sup>3</sup>t (331 to 757 x 10<sup>3</sup>t) for TM4/TM5 and 726 x 10<sup>3</sup>t (398 to 1 210 <i>x</i> 10<sup>3</sup>t) for TM4/TM7. The average biomass estimation of the NDVI using TM4rTM3 is similar to the estimation using the classification approach, but the 95% confidence Interval is wider. Meanwhile, the biomass estimation of the NDVI using TM4/TMI5 and TM4/TM7 was lower than the biomass estimation from the classification approach, but both showed a narrow 95% confidence interval. The results of this study Indicate that it is possible to estimate within a reasonable confidence interval the tree biomass of pine&#45;oak forest using an ordination approach with NDVI As such, remote sensing could be used to estimate temporal and spatial changes in aboveground biomass.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words</b>. Tree biomass, remote sensing, supervised classification, Normal Differentiated Vegetation Index, regression models.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/igeo/n40/n40a6.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>AGRADECIMIENTOS</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Agradecer a dos revisores an&oacute;nimos por sus valiosos comentarios, y a Pedro F. Quintana&#45;Ascencio por su asesor&iacute;a en el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico. El ECOSUR proporcion&oacute; la infraestructura y el subsidio para el desarrollo de este trabajo. Fondos recurrentes provinieron de US&#45;Environmental Protection Agency (US&#45;EPA) bajo convenio con ECOSUR (CR822200). A las autoridades y a la comunidad de Jusnajab, por permitir este estudio en su territorio. A Delfino M&eacute;ndez Ton. por su ayuda en el Laboratorio de Informaci&oacute;n Geogr&aacute;fica y Estad&iacute;stica de ECOSUR. A Pablo Sant&iacute;s, Hip&oacute;lito P&eacute;rez, Fortunato Garc&iacute;a y Rosario Garc&iacute;a, por su c&aacute;lida hospitalidad y ense&ntilde;anza de visi&oacute;n pr&aacute;ctica. A Andr&eacute;s Gonz&aacute;lez y John Taylor, por compartir sus experiencias de campo.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCIAS</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Ayala L&oacute;pez, R. (1998), <i>Ecuaciones para estimar biomasa de pinos y encinos en la Meseta Central de Chiapas,</i> Tesis de Licenciatura en Ingenier&iacute;a Forestal, Divisi&oacute;n de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Chapingo, M&eacute;xico.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4631295&pid=S0188-4611199900030000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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