<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-893X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Educación química]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Educ. quím]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-893X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-893X2017000100008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eq.2016.09.009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tuberculosis pulmonar: la epidemia mundial continúa y la enseñanza de este tema resulta crucial y compleja]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pulmonary tuberculosis: The global epidemic continues and the teaching of this topic is crucial and complex]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ávila-de Jesús]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacqueline]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perea-Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNAM Facultad de Química ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNAM Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>38</fpage>
<lpage>43</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-893X2017000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-893X2017000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-893X2017000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El entendimiento de la tuberculosis (TB) requiere que el estudiante identifique algunos puntos clave. La enfermedad es causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, una peculiar bacteria transmitida principalmente por la inhalación de microgotas expelidas al toser, hablar y respirar. Uno de los aspectos menos comprensibles reside en que, después de haberse expuesto al bacilo de la TB, un tercio de la gente implicada desarrolla una infección pulmonar «latente». Esto último significa que los individuos han controlado a la bacteria, aunque tiempo después una pequeña proporción adquirirá TB, al experimentar alguna inmunodeficiencia. La clave consiste en saber que la inmunidad celular es determinante en el curso de las infecciones «latentes» o activas y que los anticuerpos, el complemento y la fagocitosis por macrófagos no activados resultan prácticamente irrelevantes en el combate de la TB. Otra preocupación reside en las cepas resistentes a múltiples fármacos y en las extensamente resistentes a fármacos. El manejo de la TB resistente a múltiples fármacos y de la extensamente resistente a fármacos resulta muy complicado, dada la larga duración del tratamiento y sus altos costos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Understanding of tuberculosis (TB) requires students to identify some critical points. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a peculiar bacterium mainly transmitted by inhaling infectious droplets expelled when coughing, talking and sneezing. One of the least understood aspects is that, following the exposure to the infectious droplets, a third of the people develop a latent pulmonary infection. The last means that some people control, rather than eliminate, the bacteria; therefore, some of them can later develop the TB disease, especially when they present an immunological deficiency. The key is to recognize the cell-mediated immunity as a determining factor in the course of the latent or active infection and that the antibodies, the complement system and the phagocytosis by non-activated macrophages result irrelevant in the defense against TB. Another major concern is the effect of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains. Management of multidrug resistant -TB and extensively drug resistant -TB is more complicated due the long treatment periods and the elevated costs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tuberculosis pulmonar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Infección latente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Macrófagos activados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Inmunidad mediada por células]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hipersensibilidad de tipo tardío]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Vacuna BCG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tuberculosis resistente a fármacos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pulmonary tuberculosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[atent infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Activated macrophages]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cell-mediated immunity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Delayed hypersensitivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[BCG vaccine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Drug-resistant tuberculosis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cell-mediated immune responses in tuberculosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Immunology]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>393-422</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dannenberg Jr.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pathogenesis in human tuberculosis: Insights from the Rabbit Model]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C., U.S.A ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ASM Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dannenberg Jr.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Liquefaction and cavity formation in pulmonary TB: A simple method in rabbit skin to test inhibitors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tuberculosis (Edinburg, Scotland.)]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>243-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dannenberg Jr.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perspectives on clinical and preclinical testing of new tuberculosis vaccines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Microbiology Reviews]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>781-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Day]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novailes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kosmiadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mickley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Secondary lymphoid organs are dispensable for the development of T-cell-mediated immunity during tuberculosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Immunology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>1663-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dheda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Zyl Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[T-cell interferon gamma release assays for the rapid inmunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: Clinical utility in high-burden versus low-burden settings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Pulmonaty Medicine]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>188-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Paolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shafiani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Day]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papayannoupoulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwakura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interdependence between interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor regulates TNF-dependent control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Immunity]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1125-236</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immune evasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Living with the enemy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Immunology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>450-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blazevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanekom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaplan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A new recombinant bacilli Calmette-Guerin vaccine safely induces significantly enhanced tuberculosis-specific immunity in human volunteers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Infectious Disease]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<page-range>1491-501</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jassal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bishai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>19-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of emerging trends in the treatment of tuberculosis. Artif. Cells Nanomed]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>478-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stenger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Modlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cutting edge: Vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Immunology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<page-range>2060-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kesavan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brooks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fujiwara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The aerosol rabbit model of TB latency, reactivation and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tuberculosis]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>187-96</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Edinburg, Scotland ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La tuberculosis en la Región de las Américas: Informe regional 2012. Epidemiología, control y financiamiento]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rustad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sherman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The enduring hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>e1502</numero>
<issue>e1502</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer-Leshinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pulmonary tuberculosis: Improving diagnosis and management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAAPA: official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistant]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>20-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulrichs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New insights into the function of granulomas in human tuberculosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Pathology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>208</volume>
<page-range>261-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The top 10 causes of death]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global tuberculosis report]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gideon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Eliminating latent tuberculosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends in Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>183-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
