<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0186-7210</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios demográficos y urbanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. demogr. urbanos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0186-7210</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0186-72102006000100049</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/edu.v21i1.1261</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Cuándo puedo decir no? Empoderamiento femenino y sexo no deseado en México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[How Can I Say No? Female Empowerment and Unwanted Sex in Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irene]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>81</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0186-72102006000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0186-72102006000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0186-72102006000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Con información proveniente de la Encuesta de Salud Reproductiva con Población Derechohabiente (Ensare 98), se analizan las interrelaciones de las características sociodemográficas de las mujeres mexicanas derechohabientes, su poder de decisión y autonomía, y el riesgo de tener relaciones sexuales no deseadas. Los resultados señalan que las escasas posibilidades de autonomía de la mujer y su pertenencia a un estrato socioeconómico bajo (no muy bajo) son factores que se pueden asociar a una reducción significativa del riesgo de sexo forzado, en tanto que la violencia física de la pareja incrementa dicha probabilidad. Se exploran también algunos efectos del sexo no deseado sobre la salud reproductiva de las mujeres.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abtract: Using information from the Reproductive Health Survey of the Population with National Health Insurance (Ensare &#8217;98), the author analyzes the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of women with national health insurance, their decision-making capacity and autonomy and the risk of having unwanted sex. The results show that women&#8217;s scant possibilities of autonomy and the fact of their belonging to a low (rather than very low) socio-economic strata are factors that can be linked to a significant reduction of the risk of forced sex, while physical violence within the couple increases this possibility. The author also explores certain effects of unwanted sex on women&#8217;s reproductive health.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia sexual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[matrimonio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sexo forzado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salud reproductiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[factores de riesgo de violencia sexual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sexual violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[marriage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[forced sex]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reproductive health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[risk factors for sexual violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amuchástegui H.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Saber o no saber sobre sexo: los dilemas de la actividad sexual femenina para jóvenes mexicanos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivonne]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lerner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sexualidades en México. Algunas aproximaciones desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<page-range>107-35</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender, Status and Domestic Violence: An Integration of Feminist and Family Violence Approaches]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Marriage and the Family]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>655-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathleen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rape by Acquiescence: The Ways in which Women &#8216;Give in&#8217; to Unwanted Sex with Their Husbands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1036-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Batliwala</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Meaning of Women&#8217;s Empowerment: New Concepts from Action]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Germain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Population Policies Reconsidered]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>127-38</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Black]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Danielle]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heyman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk Factors for Male-to-Female Partner Sexual Abuse]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aggression and Violent Behavior]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>269-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blumberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Climbing the Pyramid of Power: Three Routes to Women&#8217;s Empowerment and Activism in Ecuador, Nepal and El Salvador]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Diego ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Virginia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bronfenbrenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Psychologist]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>513-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bronfenbrenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Ecology of Human Development]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Men, Women and Agression]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Basic Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacquelyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soeken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Forced Sex and Intimate Partner Violence. Effects on Women&#8217;s Risk and Women&#8217;s Health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1017-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Dark Consequences of Marital Rape]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Nursing]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<numero>89</numero>
<issue>89</issue>
<page-range>946-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irene]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Disentangling the Links: Women&#8217;s Empowerment, Violence and Reproductive Health in Mexico]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2003 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Minneapolis </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irene]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trabajo femenino, empoderamiento y bienestar de la familia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nuevas formas de familia. Perspectivas nacionales e internacionales]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>271-9</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNICEF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixon-Mueller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ruth]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Germain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrienne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reproductive Health and the Demographic Imagination]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Presser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harriet]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s Empowerment and Demographic Processes. Moving Beyond Cairo]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davidson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Health Effects of Experiences of Sexual Violence for Women with Abusive Partners]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Health Care Women International]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>563-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finkelhor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yllo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[License to Rape]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghuman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sharon J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Employment, Autonomy and Violence against Women in India and Pakistan]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pennsylvania ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Pennsylvania]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dominant Discourse in Heterosexual Relationships: Inhibitors or Facilitators of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Kluwer Academic]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Force and Violence in the Family]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Marriage and the Family]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<numero>33</numero>
<issue>33</issue>
<page-range>624-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lori]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toubia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sexual Coercion and Reproductive Health: A Focus on Research]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Population Council]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lori]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence against Women: An Integrated Ecological Framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>262-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lori]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellsberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gottemoeller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ending Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lori]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence by Intimate Partners]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World Report on Violence and Health]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hindin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michelle]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Linda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Who is at Risk? Factors Associated with Intimate Partners Violence in the Philippines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science and Medicine]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>55</numero>
<issue>55</issue>
<page-range>1385-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IMSS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta de Salud Reproductiva con Población Derechohabiente: documento metodológico]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jejeebhoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shireen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-Consensual Experiences of Young People: A Review of the Evidence from Developing Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Population Council Regional Working Papers]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Delhi, India ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jewkes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. Sen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sexual Violence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahlberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zwi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World Report on Violence and Health]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kabeer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Naila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reflections on the Measurement of Women&#8217;s Empowerment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Discussing Women&#8217;s Empowerment-Theory and Practice]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estocolmo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Novum Grafiska AB]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kabeer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Naila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Money Can&#8217;t Buy Me Love? Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sussex ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute of Development Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kishor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sunita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s Contraceptive Use in Egypt: What do Direct Measures of Empowerment Tell Us?]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2000 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Los Ángeles, California </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koenig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lutalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Feng]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naguloda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fred]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiwanuka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noah]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wabwire-Mangen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fred]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kizogi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Godfrey]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sewankambo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelson]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serwadda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wawer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ron]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coercive Sex in Rural Uganda: Prevalence and Associated Factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science and Medicine]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>58</numero>
<issue>58</issue>
<page-range>787-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roos]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gartner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosemary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When She Brings Home the Bacon: Labor-Force Participation and the Risk of Spousal Violence against Women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Marriage and the Family]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>947-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahoney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High Rape Chronicity and Low Rates of Help-seeking among Wife Rape Survivors in a Non-Clinical Sample: Implications for Research and Practice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>993-1016</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malhotra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boender]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Measuring Women&#8217;s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[informe para el World Bank Workshop on Poverty and Gender: New Perspectives]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proyecto de antisocialidad y control. Plan 1983-1985. Cifra oculta]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cuadernos del Instituto de Ciencias Penales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Painter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farrington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Marital Violence in Great Britain and its Relationship to Marital and Non-Marital Rape]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Victimology]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>257-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Impacto de la experiencia directa de victimización criminal en el miedo a la victimización]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Un modelo explicativo del miedo a la victimización]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saltijeral Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero Gutierrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Vélez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violencia sexual y problemas asociados en una muestra de usuarias de un centro de salud]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Salud Pública de México]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>182-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rickert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vaughn]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanghivi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rupal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Constance]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is Lack of Sexual Assertiveness among Adolescent and Young Adult Women a Cause for Concern?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>178-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rape in Marriage]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bloomington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salgado de Snyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelly]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migración, sexualidad y sida en mujeres de origen rural: sus implicaciones psicosociales]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivonne]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lerner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sexualidades en México. Algunas aproximaciones desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gita]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batliwala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Srilatha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empowering Women for Reproductive Rights. Moving Beyond Cairo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Presser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harriet]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Empowerment and Demographic Processes. Moving Beyond Cairo]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hashemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Riley]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akhter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Credit Programs, Patriarchy and Men&#8217;s Violence against Women in Rural Bangladesh]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science and Medicine]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>43</numero>
<issue>43</issue>
<page-range>1792-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hashemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Men&#8217;s Violence against Women in Bangladesh: Undermined or Exacerbates by Microcredit Programms?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Development in Practice]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>148-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sebastini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consequences of Sexual Abuse among Adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reproductive Health Matters]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>129-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivonne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los hombres y la sexualidad: aportes de la perspectiva feminista y primeros acercamientos a su estudio en México]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lerner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Varones, sexualidad y reproducción]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Streaten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Van der]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sexual Coercion, Physical Violence, and hiv Infection among Women in Steady Relationships in Kigali, Rwanda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AIDS and Behavior]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>61-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Witholding Sex and Forced Sex: Dimensions of Violence against Zinbabwean Women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reproductive Health Matters]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>57-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yllo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kersti]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wife Rape. A Social Problem for the 21st Century]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1059-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
