<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1667</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación económica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. Econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1667</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Economía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-16672004000200095</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Brechas tecnológicas y de innovación entre países industrializados y países en desarrollo en la industria farmacéutica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Breeches of Technology and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Developing Countries]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alenka]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ludlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hortensia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,UAM Departamento de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Azcapotzalco ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,UAM  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>248</numero>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-16672004000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-16672004000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-16672004000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En este ensayo se analizan las brechas tecnológicas y de innovación en la industria farmacéutica entre países industrializados y países en desarrollo a través de un modelo en el cual la dinámica inherente a la innovación depende de la retroalimentación entre el gasto en investigación y desarrollo (GID) y las patentes. Se reconoce que el GID y las patentes se afectan mutuamente y que ambos están en función del comportamiento de factores de oferta (las patentes del año anterior) y de demanda (PIB per cápita nacional y la formación bruta de capital fijo). Los resultados señalan que, considerados los países por sí solos, los industrializados han mantenido una relación positiva entre GID y patentes, con excepción de Alemania, pero ambigüa en el caso de los países en desarrollo. A nivel de panel de países se encontró que el proceso de generación de patentes se relaciona con el GID de forma positiva y significativa y, a su vez, el nuevo conocimiento estimula al GID. Sin embargo, la diferencia en los factores de oferta y demanda de cada país afectan la dinámica seguida por el GID y las patentes y, por consecuencia, la posición tecnológica del sector.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: We follow the topic of technological gaps and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry among industrialized and developing countries, by means of a model where the innovations dynamics depends in a feedback between the expenditure on research and development (GID) and patents. Factors coming from the supply side (as last year patents) and the demand side (GDP per capita and accruals of physical capital) affect both. Our panel results, show that at the level of each country, the industrialized countries had succeed maintaining a positive link between in GID and patents, Germany is an exception, but the link is unclear in developing countries. Pooled data shows that this overall is positive and significant.]]></p></abstract>
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