<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1101</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de astronomía y astrofísica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. astron. astrofis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1101</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-11012009000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Statistical Characterization of Precipitable Water Vapor at San Pedro Martir Sierra in Baja California]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otárola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiriart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,TMT Observatory Corporation  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ CA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Astronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ensenada B. C.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>169</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-11012009000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-11012009000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-11012009000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Presentamos datos del vapor de agua precipitable durante 2006 para la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir obtenidos de mediciones de la emisión atmosférica como función del ángulo de elevación por un radiómetro operando a la frecuencia de 210 GHz. Las mediciones de este radiómetro se combinan con valores de temperatura y presión atmosférica a nivel del suelo en el sitio para determinar una relación matemática para la conversión de la opacidad atmosférica al cenit a 210 GHz y la columna de vapor de agua precipitable para San Pedro Mártir. Los datos del vapor de agua precipitable se analizan estadísticamente para conocer su función de densidad de probabilidad y su distribución acumulativa, así como para determinar el número de horas continuas al año en que el vapor de agua precipitable permanece por debajo de los umbrales de 1 mm, 2 mm y 3 mm. Esta información es de interés para evaluar el desempeño de telescopios operando desde la región del óptico hasta longitudes de onda milimétricas en este sitio.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We present time series of precipitable water vapor (PWV) for San Pedro Martir Sierra in 2006, obtained from measurements of atmospheric emission as a function of elevation angle from a 210 GHz tipping radiometer. These radiometric measurements are employed together with collocated surface temperature and pressure data to determine a mathematical relationship for the conversion of 210 GHz zenith optical depth to PWV in the atmospheric column for San Pedro Martir. The PWV time series are statistically analyzed to gain insights on its probability density function and cumulative distributions, as well as to learn the number of continuous hours over a year that the PWV remains below given thresholds, namely 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm. This information is of interest to evaluate the expected performance of telescopes operating from optical to millimeter wavelengths at this site.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[atmospheric effects]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[site testing]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Statistical Characterization of Precipitable Water Vapor at San Pedro Martir Sierra in Baja California </b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>A. Ot&aacute;rola,<sup>1</sup> D. Hiriart,<sup>2</sup> and J. E. P&eacute;rez&#150;Le&oacute;n<sup>2 </sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> TMT Observatory Corporation, 2632 E Washington Blvd, Pasadena, CA, USA. (<a href="mailto:aotarola@tmt.org">aotarola@tmt.org</a>).</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;Instituto de Astronom&iacute;a, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Apdo. Postal 877, 22830 Ensenada, B. C., M&eacute;xico. (<a href="mailto:hiriart@astrosen.unam.mx">hiriart@astrosen.unam.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:eperez@astrosen.unam.mx">eperez@astrosen.unam.mx</a>).</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received 2009 April 16    <br> Accepted 2009 June 23</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Presentamos datos del vapor de agua precipitable durante 2006 para la Sierra de San Pedro M&aacute;rtir obtenidos de mediciones de la emisi&oacute;n atmosf&eacute;rica como funci&oacute;n del &aacute;ngulo de elevaci&oacute;n por un radi&oacute;metro operando a la frecuencia de 210 GHz. Las mediciones de este radi&oacute;metro se combinan con valores de temperatura y presi&oacute;n atmosf&eacute;rica a nivel del suelo en el sitio para determinar una relaci&oacute;n matem&aacute;tica para la conversi&oacute;n de la opacidad atmosf&eacute;rica al cenit a 210 GHz y la columna de vapor de agua precipitable para San Pedro M&aacute;rtir. Los datos del vapor de agua precipitable se analizan estad&iacute;sticamente para conocer su funci&oacute;n de densidad de probabilidad y su distribuci&oacute;n acumulativa, as&iacute; como para determinar el n&uacute;mero de horas continuas al a&ntilde;o en que el vapor de agua precipitable permanece por debajo de los umbrales de 1 mm, 2 mm y 3 mm. Esta informaci&oacute;n es de inter&eacute;s para evaluar el desempe&ntilde;o de telescopios operando desde la regi&oacute;n del &oacute;ptico hasta longitudes de onda milim&eacute;tricas en este sitio.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We present time series of precipitable water vapor (PWV) for San Pedro Martir Sierra in 2006, obtained from measurements of atmospheric emission as a function of elevation angle from a 210 GHz tipping radiometer. These radiometric measurements are employed together with collocated surface temperature and pressure data to determine a mathematical relationship for the conversion of 210 GHz zenith optical depth to PWV in the atmospheric column for San Pedro Martir. The PWV time series are statistically analyzed to gain insights on its probability density function and cumulative distributions, as well as to learn the number of continuous hours over a year that the PWV remains below given thresholds, namely 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm. This information is of interest to evaluate the expected performance of telescopes operating from optical to millimeter wavelengths at this site.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><b>Key Words:</b></i> atmospheric effects &#151; site testing.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmaa/v45n2/v45n2a5.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a> </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCES</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
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