<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2003000600008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Changes in the physical and chemical properties of PVDF irradiated by 4 MeV protons]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rickards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avalos-Borja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Física ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Ciencias de la Materia Condensada ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ensenada Baja California]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>537</fpage>
<lpage>541</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The behavior of poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) under bombardment of different kinds of radiation is of interest due to the polymer's unique piezo-electric properties and various crystalline forms. In this work, PVDF film samples of 0.3 mm thickness and density 1.76 g/cm³ were irradiated with 4 MeV protons from the Instituto de Física 9SDH-2 Pelletron Accelerator. Changes in the physical and chemical properties were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with ATR, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and gel fraction measurements. The gel percent increases with fluence to almost 60% for a fluence of 10(13) cm-2, and then more slowly up to 100% for a fluence of 3 x 10(14) cm-2. The DSC curve of the control sample shows a sharp band at 176 °C with a shoulder on the low temperature side. A well defined lower temperature peak, related to the relaxation of inter-crystalline regions appears at a fluence of 10(13) cm-2. At 3 x 10(14) cm-2 there are no melting peaks, due to complete destruction of the crystalline structure. This was confirmed at this high fluence by the FTIR spectra, and by x-ray diffraction, where an amorphous structure was observed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El comportamiento del polifluoruro de vinilideno (PVDF) sometido a distintos tipos de irradiación es de interés por sus propiedades piezoeléctricas y sus distintas formas cristalinas. En este trabajo se irradiaron muestras de PVDF de 0.3 mm de grosor y densidad 1.76 g/cm³ con protones de 4 MeV provenientes del acelerador Pelletron 9SDH-2 del Instituto de Física. Los cambios en las propiedades físicas y químicas se estudiaron por medio de espectroscopía infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y reflexión total atenuada, difracción de rayos x (XRD), calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), y medida de fracción de gel. El porciento de gel inicialmente aumenta con la afluencia hasta casi 60% para una afluencia de 10(13) cm-2, y luego lentamente hasta 100% a 3 x 10(14) cm-2. La curva de DSC de referencia muestra una banda angosta a 176 °C con un hombro del lado de baja temperatura. A una afluencia de 10(13) cm-2 aparece un pico a más baja temperatura, relacionado con la relajación de regiones intercristalinas. A una afluencia de 3 x 10(14) cm-2 no hay picos de fusión, debido a la destrucción completa de la estructura cristalina. Esto se confirmó para afluencias grandes con los espectros de FTIR y de XRD, donde se observa una estructura amorfa.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Protons]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[irradiation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PVDF]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physical properties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chemical properties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Protones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[irradiación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PVDF]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[propiedades físicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[propiedades químicas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Changes in the physical and chemical properties of PVDF irradiated by 4 MeV protons</b></font></p>      <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>E. Adem<sup>1a</sup>, J. Rickards<sup>1</sup>, E. Mu&ntilde;oz<sup>1</sup>, G. Burillo<sup>2</sup>, L. Cota<sup>3</sup> and M. Avalos&#45;Borja<sup>2b</sup></b></font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Instituto de F&iacute;sica, UNAM Apartado Postal 20&#45;364, M&eacute;xico, D.F. 01000, M&eacute;xico.</i>  <sup>a</sup>e&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:esbaide@fisica.unam.mx">esbaide@fisica.unam.mx</a></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup> Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM M&eacute;xico, D.F. 01000, M&eacute;xico</i></font></p>        <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>3</sup> Centro de Ciencias de la Materia Condensada, UNAM Apartado Postal 2681, Ensenada, B.C. 22800, M&eacute;xico</i> <sup>b</sup>e&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:miguel@ccmc.unam.mx">miguel@ccmc.unam.mx</a></font></p>       <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 24 de febrero de 2003.     <br>   Aceptado el 6 de mayo de 2003.</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The behavior of poly&#45;vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) under bombardment of different kinds of radiation is of interest due to the polymer's unique piezo&#45;electric properties and various crystalline forms. In this work, PVDF film samples of 0.3 mm thickness and density 1.76 g/cm<sup>3</sup> were irradiated with 4 MeV protons from the Instituto de F&iacute;sica 9SDH&#45;2 Pelletron Accelerator. Changes in the physical and chemical properties were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with ATR, X&#45;ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and gel fraction measurements. The gel percent increases with fluence to almost 60% for a fluence of 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup>, and then more slowly up to 100% for a fluence of 3 x 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup>. The DSC curve of the control sample shows a sharp band at 176 &deg;C with a shoulder on the low temperature side. A well defined lower temperature peak, related to the relaxation of inter&#45;crystalline regions appears at a fluence of 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup>. At 3 x 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup> there are no melting peaks, due to complete destruction of the crystalline structure. This was confirmed at this high fluence by the FTIR spectra, and by x&#45;ray diffraction, where an amorphous structure was observed.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Protons; irradiation; PVDF; physical properties; chemical properties.</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El comportamiento del polifluoruro de vinilideno (PVDF) sometido a distintos tipos de irradiaci&oacute;n es de inter&eacute;s por sus propiedades piezoel&eacute;ctricas y sus distintas formas cristalinas. En este trabajo se irradiaron muestras de PVDF de 0.3 mm de grosor y densidad 1.76 g/cm<sup>3</sup> con protones de 4 MeV provenientes del acelerador Pelletron 9SDH&#45;2 del Instituto de F&iacute;sica. Los cambios en las propiedades f&iacute;sicas y qu&iacute;micas se estudiaron por medio de espectroscop&iacute;a infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y reflexi&oacute;n total atenuada, difracci&oacute;n de rayos x (XRD), calorimetr&iacute;a diferencial de barrido (DSC), y medida de fracci&oacute;n de gel. El porciento de gel inicialmente aumenta con la afluencia hasta casi 60% para una afluencia de 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup>, y luego lentamente hasta 100% a 3 x 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup>. La curva de DSC de referencia muestra una banda angosta a 176 &deg;C con un hombro del lado de baja temperatura. A una afluencia de 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup> aparece un pico a m&aacute;s baja temperatura, relacionado con la relajaci&oacute;n de regiones intercristalinas. A una afluencia de 3 x 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>&#45;2</sup> no hay picos de fusi&oacute;n, debido a la destrucci&oacute;n completa de la estructura cristalina. Esto se confirm&oacute; para afluencias grandes con los espectros de FTIR y de XRD, donde se observa una estructura amorfa.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Protones; irradiaci&oacute;n; PVDF; propiedades f&iacute;sicas; propiedades qu&iacute;micas.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 61.82.Pv; 81.40.Wx; 81.05.Lg</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v49n6/v49n6a8.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgments</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of J. Ca&ntilde;etas, K. L&oacute;pez, E, Santillana, R. Trejo&#45;Luna, E. Aparicio, I. Gradilla, M. V&aacute;zquez. This project was partly supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&iacute;a grants F036&#45;E9109 and G0010&#45;E.</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. B.J. Jungnickel, In: <i>Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia,</i> Edited by J. C. Salamone, CRC Press 8 (1996) 7115.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8298378&pid=S0035-001X200300060000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body>
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<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jungnickel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salamone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>7115</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rickards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
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