<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132025000300007</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/gmm.m25000967</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Hormonas sexuales y características ginecológicas y obstétricas de pacientes con esclerosis múltiple en remisión y en recaída]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sex hormones, obstetric and gynecologic characteristics of multiple sclerosis women with and without relapse]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dulce A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huerta-Franco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zermeño-Pöhls]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángeles]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Neurología Manuel Velasco Suárez Departamento de Neurología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[León Guanajuato]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Neurología Manuel Velasco Suárez Laboratorio de Hormonas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Aguascalientes ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>161</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>289</fpage>
<lpage>295</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132025000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132025000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132025000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: Diversos estudios muestran evidencia de la relación entre los niveles de hormonas sexuales y la esclerosis múltiple.  Objetivo: Describir los niveles séricos de hormonas sexuales y las características gineco-obstétricas de mujeres con esclerosis múltiple en remisión y en recaída.  Material y métodos: Estudio transversal. Se analizaron evaluaciones ginecológicas, obstétricas y clínicas, y mediciones de laboratorio. Las determinaciones séricas incluyeron 17&#946;-estradiol, progesterona, hormona luteinizante, hormona estimulante del folículo, testosterona y dehidroepiandrosterona.  Resultados: Se estudiaron 89 pacientes, con una edad media de 35.33 ± 9.5 años y una edad media de menarca de 12.7 ± 1.7 años. El 65.2% reportaron ciclos menstruales regulares y el 25.9% irregulares; 11 pacientes eran posmenopáusicas. Veintiséis pacientes experimentaron uno o más abortos, 37 fueron nuligrávidas, y en quienes reportaron embarazos la mediana fue de dos. Treinta y seis pacientes fueron evaluadas durante una recaída; de estas, 22 tenían ciclos menstruales regulares y el 59.1% de las recaídas ocurrieron durante la fase folicular. No hubo diferencias en los niveles séricos de hormonas sexuales cuando se compararon entre grupos con y sin recaída.  Conclusiones: Existe una alta frecuencia de ciclos menstruales irregulares y abortos en esta muestra de mujeres con esclerosis múltiple. En las pacientes con ciclos menstruales regulares, las recaídas ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia durante la fase folicular.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Several studies show evidence of the relationship between sex hormone levels and multiple sclerosis.  Objective: To describe serum sex hormone levels and gynecological and obstetric characteristics of women with multiple sclerosis in remission and relapse.  Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Gynecological, obstetric, clinical and laboratory measurements were analyzed. Serum determinations included 17&#946;-estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone.  Results: Eighty-nine patients were studied, with a mean age of 35.33 ± 9.5 years, and a mean age of 12.7 ± 1.7 menarche. 65.2% reported regular menstrual cycles, 25.9% reported irregular menstrual cycles, and 11 postmenopausal patients. Twenty-six patients experienced one or more miscarriages, 37 patients were nulligravida, and in those who reported pregnancies, the median was two. Thirty-six patients were evaluated during a relapse; 22 of these patients had regular menstrual cycles, and 59.1% of relapses occurred during the follicular phase. There was no difference in serum sex hormone levels when compared between relapsed and non-relapsed groups.  Conclusions: There is a high frequency of irregular menstrual cycles and abortions in this sample of women with multiple sclerosis. In patients with regular menstrual cycles, relapses occurred most frequently during the follicular phase.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Esclerosis múltiple]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hormonas sexuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ciclo menstrual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Historia reproductiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fase folicular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Multiple sclerosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sex hormones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Menstrual cycle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Reproductive history]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Follicular phase]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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