Animals and diets

Thirty two male Hampshire × Suffolk lambs with an initial BW of 23.8 ± 1.13 kg were included. Animals were housed in individual pens equipped with an exclusive feeder and an individual nipple drinker. Lambs were dewormed (Closantel, 20 mg kg⁻¹ animal⁻¹) and vaccinated (Bobact® 8, 2.0 ml animal⁻¹) before the start of the study. Food was offered at 8:00 h and 15:00 h daily. Both food and water were provided ad libitum. The animals had a 10 d adaptation period to diets. The experimental phase lasted for 42 d. Treatments consisted of four different added concentrations of Ca propionate to diets (dry basis): 0, 10, 20 and 30 g kg⁻¹ DM (Propical®, Dresen S. A. de C. V. Queretaro, México). Rations were formulated for a daily gain of 300 g d. Particular diet composition is presented in Table 1 ^1,14.

Growth assay

Recorded variables were: average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed: gain ratio (FGR) and final body weight (FBW). Backfat thickness and chop area were measured between the 12th and 13th ribs using a Sonovet 600 real time ultrasound¹⁵ (Medison, Inc., Cypress, California, USA) fitted with a 7.5 Mhz transducer on days 1 and 42 of the study.

Chemical analysis

Diet crude protein content was determined by the macro kjeldahl method.¹⁶ Calcium and phosphorus levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry¹⁷ with a Perkin Elmer 4000 Model (Series Lambda 2, Perkin Elmer Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA). Acid detergent fiber was quantified by the Van Soest et al.¹⁸ procedure. Blood (5 mL) was collected on days 1 and 42 using vacutainer tubes without anticoagulant, and immediately placed under refrigeration (4 °C). Samples were centrifuged (Sigma 2-16k, Germany) at 3500 g x 20 min to obtain blood serum, which was stored in Eppendorf tubes and kept in a freezer (MDF-436 Sanyo, USA) at -20 °C until glucose determination.¹⁹

Rumen fermentation

Rumen fluid (50 mL) was extracted at 0800 hours with an esophageal tube, on day 42 of the trial (from animals fasted for 16 h). Rumen fluid was collected in an Erlenmeyer flask, immediately filtered with a double layer of gauze and transferred into a 100 mL beaker. A portable potentiometer was used to measure pH (Orion, mod A210, USA). Four mL of rumen fluid were then placed in a test tube with 1 mL of metaphosphoric acid (25 %) and stored in a freezer (-20 °C) for further analyses. The N-NH₃ concentrations were determined following the McCullough²⁰ procedure with a spectrophotometer (Cary 1-E Varian; Perkin Elmer, Model Lamda-40, USA) at 630 nm. Volatile fatty acid content (VFA) was determined by gas chromatography²¹ using a Perkin Claurus Elmer 500, with automatic-sampler.

Statistical analyses

Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure ²² for a completely randomized design, with four treatments and eight replicates, considering each lamb as an experimental unit. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s tests were used to verify normal dis tribution and variance homogeneity of data. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear or quadratic effects of Ca propionate concentrations in response variables of interest (P ≤ 0.05)., The best fitted model was determined by the smallest P value and the largest coefficient of determination (R²). Initial body weight was used as a covariate. For quadratic responses, the optimum Ca propionate concentration was estimated by linearization of the Gamma function.²³

Growth assay (Table 2)

The average daily feed intake was not affected by the addition of Ca propionate to the diet (P > 0.05). The FBW and ADG showed a quadratic response (P < 0.01), estimating that the optimal added Ca propionate concentration for the enhancement of both of these performance variables is 13.77 g kg⁻¹ (ADG = 0.2298235 + 0.0069876*Ca propionate - 0.0002538*Ca propionate² + 0.0025842*IBW, R²= 0.36; FBW = 9.2194604+ 0.2799271*Ca propionate - 0.0101639*Ca propionate² + 1.1020400*IBW, R²= 0.56). The FGR ratio also showed a quadratic response (P < 0.01) to Ca propionate (F:G = 2.2492769 - 0.1087659*Ca propionate + 0.0037852*Ca propionate² + 0.1113845*IBW; R² = 0.37). The chop area and backfat thickness were not affected by the concentration of Ca propionate in the diet (P > 0.05).

Previous studies have reported that the addition of up to 20 g kg⁻¹ DM of Ca propionate to feedlot rations of lambs did not decrease feed intake.^1,2,24In contrast, the use of Ca propionate in cattle seems to have a hypophagic effect^25,26 when consumed in concentrations of over 12 moles per day⁻¹.² This suggests that the addition of Ca propionate may cause hypophagic effects when added in amounts greater than 30 g kg⁻¹ DM. Nonetheless, concentrations over 30 g kg⁻¹ DM were not included in this study.

Previous work has shown that 10 or 20 g kg⁻¹ DM of Ca propionate added to finishing diets of lambs did not modify ADG or FGR.^1,2 However, supply of propionate directly into the rumen, or use of dietary sources that increase propionate production in improve average daily gain in dairy cows.^{26, 27}

Average daily gain measurements in this study showed that the energy value of Ca propionate is not constant and that it has a curvilinear nature similar to that observed in cows by Rigout et al.⁹ Based on the system equations net energy of California²⁸ we can estimate a ME value for Ca propionate of 4.8 Mcal kg⁻¹ DM when it is added to the diet in a concentration of 10 g kg⁻¹ DM. Conversely, when it is included at higher concentrations, its estimated ME value can be reduced by half and or energy may not be produced at all. The ME value estimated in this study is higher than the one reported by Mendoza-Martinez et al.² of 3.766 Mcal kg⁻¹, which may be due to the fact that the value is not constant.

Lee-Rangel et al.¹ and Mendoza-Martinez et al.² observed that the addition of Ca propionate in finishing diets of lambs did not alter chop area or carcass weight. However, Mendoza-Martinez et al.² observed a reduction of oleic acid and an increase of linolenic acid. Bbut backfat thickness was not measured in their experiment, but authors reported that Ca propionate did modify fatty acid composition of meat.

Rumen fermentation and blood glucose concentrations (Table 3)

The addition of Ca propionate to the diet did not affect pH, total VFA, or N- ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid (P > 0.05). Similarly, levels of acetate and butyrate were not affected (P > 0.05). However, rumen fluid propionate concentrations showed a quadratic response (P < 0.05), reaching its highest level with an estimated Ca propionate concentration of 20.34 g kg⁻¹ DM (Propionate = 0.1802155 + 0.0062904*Ca propionate - 0.0001546*Ca propionate² + 0.0009891*IBW; R² = 0.49). Blood glucose levels also showed a quadratic response (P < 0.01) to added dietary Ca propionate with the highest response reached with 15.14 g kg⁻¹ (Glucose = 61.0171329 + 1.7246650*Ca propionate - 0.0569418*Ca propionate² + 0.0411237*IBW, R² = 0.78).

Quigley and Heitmann²⁹ did not find changes on rumen fluid pH after Ca propionate infusions in sheep. Similarly, Lee-Rangel et al.¹ and Mendoza-Martínez et al.² did not observe rumen fluid pH or VFA alterations when adding Ca propionate to lamb diets.

In a previous study Sanchez et al.³⁰ found that Ca propionate supplementation increased rumen propionate and reduced the acetate:propionate ratio without having an effect on pH or on total VFA in heifers. Moreover, an increase in propionate enhances weight gain in heifers ²⁷as it relates with an increase of blood glucose levels.

In a study conducted by Majdoub et al.²⁴ propionate supplementation to grazing lambs increased glucose production and lactate concentrations, the latter of which can also be used for additional glucose synthesis. These changes can be associated with an increase in insulin secretion.^4,24 Accordingly, other studies with dairy cattle have shown that propionate, either infused or added to the diet, increases blood glucose concentrations.^26,31

Implications

The increase of propionate and glucose concentrations following Ca propionate administration to finishing diets of lambs (13.77 g kg⁻¹), improves average daily gain and FGR .However, when Ca propionate is supplemented at higher doses (20 g kg⁻¹) the benefits of its use are reduced. Economic analyses may drive the use of Ca propionate in farms because even if the cost per kg ($ 5.0 US dollars kg⁻¹) surpasses that of the cost of grain (1 kg corn $ 0.25 US dollars), the results show that 10 g kg⁻¹ of Ca propionate can replace 150 g kg⁻¹ of grains without affecting lamb performance.¹