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Introduction
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is from Amazonian, introduced in Europe, since then it is a product of great global demand. Cocoa trade is based on quality, classified into fine aroma and ordinary (Campaña, Hidalgo, & Sigcha, 2016). Cocoa originated from America, currently there are cocoa plantations in Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, and other countries. The Olmecs, Mayas, know it as “Food of the Gods” and the Spaniards, who sent it to Spain, used Aztecs, the seeds as currency for gold. They added sweeteners to the drink and developed new recipes with the addition of sugar, cinnamon, almonds, eggs, and vanilla, which was gradually spread to France and the rest of world. Over the years, chocolate has evolved into a smooth and creamy food with an unsettling pleasure on our senses. Chocolate is a mixture of cocoa liquor and cocoa butter with sugar, sometimes milk or fruit. Depending on the percentage of each ingredient, added, different types of chocolates are made (Costaguta, 2007). Chocolate is a complete nutritional food that has approximately 30% fat (cocoa butter with 35% Oleic ac., 35% Stearic ac. and 25% Palmitic ac.), 6% protein, 61% carbohydrates and 3% humidity and ashes composed with minerals such as phosphorus, iron, calcium. It also contains vitamin A and B complex. Inexpensive chocolates are made with synthetic cocoa butter, which have characteristics with pleasant and fatty flavors on the palate (Valenzuela, 2007). Saquifrancia farm is dedicated to the cropping of CCN51 cocoa variety, fine of aroma and Super Tree cocoa. The CCN51 cocoa variety is known for its high productivity, however, compared at fine aroma, the organoleptic characteristics of flavor and aroma are not equal (Enriquez, 2022). In relation to the super tree variety that has characteristics like the fine aroma cocoa of the country, which has acid and sweet notes, delicate roasted flavors, fruity aroma, and floral notes (Alcides & Ramírez, 2016). Saquifrancia also has a chocolate processing plant where cocoa paste or liquor is obtained. Currently, there is a need to expand the production lines due to international requirements and trends in the use of raw materials with other characteristics in chocolate plants. There are products on the market that contain innovative inputs or ingredients which have achieved a high purchasing value, and there is a trend towards the consumption of bitter chocolate, especially in chocolate coverages where the cocoa aroma characteristic is appreciated. Chocolate coverage is the most in demand; however, it is not the variety that is grown on the farm, in this context, it is urgent to respond to the current market dynamics by innovating. The proposal is to combine the advantages of the two Saquifrancia cocoa varieties: CCN51 cocoa of high productivity (volume) and Super Tree (aroma and flavor), trying to find a mixture that is sensorially accepted by the consumer and find the desired characteristics in a chocolate coating, thus managing to compete with the fine aroma cocoa coating offered by other companies. Preserving the organoleptic characteristics of the final product is a benefit obtained from raw materials (Enríquez y Ojeda, 2020).
In Ecuador, cocoa is a traditional crop and main export product since ancient times, recognized worldwide for its aroma and characteristic flavor " fine scent " appreciated for the chocolates and coverages elaboration. The product quality depends on main factors such as post-harvest, fermentation, drying, roasting and conching (Díaz & Pinoargote, 2011).
According to Quintana, Gómez, García and Martínez (2015), CCN51 cocoa has been classified for its high perceived acidity, astringency, bitterness, and low presence of floral and fruity flavors. Therefore, aspects such as origin and other factors that is performed until having a coverage chocolate have been improved (Morales et al., 2016) and (Teneda, 2016). With the help of the Super Tree variety, which is characterized by its fruity and floral flavors, as well as similar characteristics to fine aroma cocoa, it is possible to achieve a coverage chocolate exquisite to the palate (Alcides & Ramírez, 2016). CCN51 cocoa is a clone that stands out for its productivity, resistance to pests and diseases, and an unusual bitter taste and with a good fermentation it would become an appetizing product (Perea, Ramírez & Villamizar, 2011).
The agronomist Homero Castro Zurita discovered cocoa clone CCN51 in 1962, after 70% of the cocoa crop destruction, caused by the pests known as witches' broom (Crenipellis perniciosa) and monilla (moniliophthora roreri). The CCN51 clone whose acronym stands for "Colección Castro Naranjal" and the number 51 because of the trial conducted in Naranjal at Hacienda Sofí (Quintana & Gómez, 2011). The two varieties of cocoa mentioned have potential as raw materials that when combined can offer innovative products for the chocolate industry. The development of new products for the company, such as bitter chocolate coverage, covers the market needs and solves the deficiency of products they have. This coating type is popular in food products worldwide due to its nutritional value (protein and fat) sensory characteristics are pleasant for the consumer (Wells & Van der Gaag, 2006) and it is a versatile product used in different areas of gastronomy, medicine, confectionery, ice cream and pastry shops.
The coatings have less sweetness and are more fluid than chocolate bars the fluidity is due to the addition of cocoa butter (Gianola, 1993). They are of vegetable origin constituted mainly by cocoa, 55% of its composition is cocoa butter, which allows it to be more workable due to its greater elasticity and remains in solid state at ambience temperature (Torroglosa, 2014). It contains 65% vegetable fat (cocoa butter), about 24% sugar, 10% previously defat-ted cocoa powder, 0.75% of an emulsifying agent (lecithin) and 0.25% of flavoring substances (Castillo & Mestres, 2004). There are different types of chocolate coatings in a minimum proportion of 30% cocoa butter (Domenech, 2014). Extra bitter: contains more than 70% cocoa in its composition.
The bitter chocolate coating is characterized by the ease of molding and retains temperature, made up of cocoa paste (60%), cocoa butter, sugar, flavoring substances (vanilla) and lecithin (Méndez & Polo, 2017). White coverage contains a higher proportion of cocoa butter (approximately 30%) and does not contain cocoa so it is not considered chocolate (Schuhmacher, Forsthofer, Rizzi & Teubner, 2007). Milk coverage is a mixture of at least 36% cocoa with milk (Enriquez, 2022). The objective of research was to elaborate cocoa coating by means of an experimental design with three treatments and two formulations.
Material and methods
Location
The research was carried out in Pastaza province, city of Puyo, located in the northwest of the Ecuadorian. The product was manufactured at the "Saquifrancia" Agroindustrial and Tourist farm, the analyses were carried out in the chemistry, bromatology and microbiology laboratories of the Amazon State University.
Experimental research
An experimental design was carried out to determine the treatments and formulations to develop the product.
Quantitative investigation
It was used a statistical means to validate the results, allowing to obtain accurate and objective information (to identify the best product).
One-factor completely randomized design (ACD).
Eighteen experimental units with three treatments, two formulations and three replicates were used for the experimental design.
Study variables. Independent variables:
Percentage of cocoa liquor.
Percentage of vegetable fat (cocoa butter)
Dependent variables:
Physical-chemical composition.
Percentage of sugar.
Percentage of lecithin.
Organoleptic characteristics: brightness, color, aroma, flavor (cocoa and sweet), bitterness, astringency, texture, and fluidity.
Chocolate formulation for coverage
Three treatments were carried out with different concentrations of cocoa liquor (combination of cocoa CCN51 and Super Tree), as detailed in Table 1.
Table 1 Concentration of varieties to obtain cocoa liquor
| VARIETIES | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cocoa CCN51 | 80% | 70% | 60% |
| Super Tree Cocoa | 20% | 30% | 40% |
Source: Authors.
With the treatments established, we proceeded to work with two formulations. Each formulation has a certain percentage of ingredients that are within the ranges established in the literature on coverage chocolate. Table 2 specifies the processing formulations.
Table 2 Chocolate formulations for coverage
| Formulation | Ingredients | Treatments (Combination in % of cocoa liquor CCN51 and Super Tree) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (80-20) | T2 (70-30) | T3 (60-40) | ||
| F1 | Cocoa liquor | 70% | 70% | 70% |
| Sugar | 24,5% | 24,5% | 24,5% | |
| Vegetable shortening (cocoa) | 5,0% | 5,0% | 5,0% | |
| Lecithin | 0,5% | 0,5% | 0,5% | |
| TOTAL | 100 % | 100 % | 100 % | |
| F2 | Cocoa liquor | 65% | 65% | 65% |
| Sugar | 27,5% | 27,5% | 27,5% | |
| Vegetable shortening (cocoa) | 7% | 7% | 7% | |
| Lecithin | 0,5% | 0,5% | 0,5% | |
| TOTAL | 100 % | 100 % | 100 % | |
Source: Authors.
Development of technological process
Table 3 below details the procedures that were executed to obtain coverage.
Table 3 Procedures to obtain coverage
| Process | Characteristic |
|---|---|
| Fermentation | Here takes place the biochemical process that modifies the characteristic flavor and aroma of chocolate |
| Dried and roasted | Cocoa beans must be free of impurities |
| Shelling and grinding | In this process, the cocoa liquor is obtained in liquid form. |
| Mixing and refining | Here, sugar is added to the cocoa paste, and it is subjected to a temperature that ranges between 60°C and 70°C, obtaining a homogeneous mass. |
| Conched | Here the missing ingredients such as cocoa butter and lecithin are incorporated to improve the organoleptic parameters. |
| Tempered | This process is done to improve consistency and texture. |
| Molded | In this process, the pieces or pieces for packaging are formed. |
Source: Authors.
Sensory analysis of the product
Sensory tests were carried out using the structured hedonic scale; this allows us to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the intensity (rating 0 to 5) and acceptability (rating 1 to
5) of the treatments. The evaluation is detailed in Table 4.
Table 4 Hedonic scale
| Intensity | Aceptability | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Absent | 1 | Poor |
| 1 | Barely detectable | 2 | Bad |
| 2 | Present | 3 | Regular |
| 3 | Characteristics of the sample | 4 | Good |
| 4 | Dominant | 5 | Excellent |
| 5 | Extreme | ||
Source: Authors.
According to intensity, the parameters evaluated are color, aroma, flavor (cocoa and sweet), bitterness and astringency. In addition, with respect to acceptability, they are color, aroma, flavor (cocoa and sweet), texture and fluidity.
Sensory test design
The sensory analysis was carried out on trained people who were familiar with the product and on untrained panelists, (three replicates will be carried out). The samples were coded with three digits taken from the random number table.
Tasting procedure
The untrained judges were each assigned the samples (10g) previously coded, accompanied by a glass of water to drink between each sample, plus a piece of apple to cleanse the taste buds and evaluation sheet using a structured hedonic scale. The tasting was carried out between 9:00 am-10:00 am and 11:00 am-12:00 pm, so the results would not be affected by external factors (lunch time). The parameters evaluated were brightness, color, aroma, flavor (cocoa and sweet), bitterness, astringency, and texture.
The trained judges were each assigned the pre-coded samples (100g) and the evaluation sheet using a structured hedonic scale. They worked according to their sales product. The parameters to be evaluated were color, aroma, flavor (cocoa and sweet), bitterness, astringency, texture, fluidity, and gloss.
Statistical analysis of sample tasting.
The evaluation of results was first carried out with the Excel software, where an analysis of variance ANOVA is obtained. This allows us to know if there is a significant difference or not. If there is a significant difference. Tukey test was applied with a confidence level of 95%, with a 5% error. Statistical analysis was performed using the computerized package In-foStat 2011 software version. Physical, chemical, and microbiological analysis of coverage chocolate. The following analyses were performed on the best treatment:
Moisture analysis (Gravimetric method): with AOAC 931.04 method (oven method), in the oven temperature is calibrated at 103°C±2°C, the weighed sample was placed in a mortar.
By Equation (1), the moisture content was calculated (Hart,1958).
Protein analysis (volumetric method): according to the AOAC 960.52 method (Kjeldahl digestion), three stages were carried out digestion, distillation, and titration (Helrich, 1990). To obtain the crude protein content, it was calculated by means of the following Equation (2):
Where:
meqN: atomic weight of nitrogen
HHCL: normality of 0.1N hydrochloric acid.
F: conversion factor (6.25)
VHCL: volume of hydrochloric acid consumed in the titration.
Vb: target volume (0.1)
Fat analysis (Gravimetric method): governed to the AOAC 963.15 method (Soxhlet extraction) or NTE INEN 535, with the help of an organic solvent the fat is extracted semi- continuously. By means of Equation (3) the fat content was calculated (Hart, 1958).
Where:
m1: weight in g of the empty round bottom flask (with porcelain piece and support).
-
m2: weight in g of the round bottom flask with fat after drying (with porcelain piece and support).
M: weight of the sample in g.
Ash analysis (gravimetric method): the sample is incinerated in a muffle at 600°C. This method is in accordance with NTE INEN 533. This method is in accordance with NTE INEN 533. The following Equation (5) was used to obtain the percentage of ash:
Analysis of defatted dry extract and total cocoa dry extract (gravimetric method): the fat was extracted by solvent and the sample was taken to the oven to determine the extract content by weight difference, using the following equations to determine each analysis (1 and 5):
Analysis of molds and yeasts: according to NTE INEN 1529-10, the sterilized sample is placed in a culture between 22°C and 25°C, the agar must contain yeast extract, glucose, and mineral salts. The plate count technique was used by deep sowing.
Coliforms: according to NTE INEN 1529-7, it consisted of a plate count by deep sowing of the sample on agar, incubating it at 30°C±1°C for 24±2h.
Mesophilic aerobes: according to NTE INEN 1529-5, the sample was inoculated in a solid nutrient medium, incubated at 30°C±1°C for 78 hours. The plate count was performed by deep sowing in the agar, this serves to calculate the amount of m/o per g or cm3 of food.
Treatment design: The following table details the treatments of combination in both types of cocoa: CCN51 and Super Tree.
Results and discussion
Analysis of sensory attributes according to their intensity
This type of evaluation (intensity) was developed because it helps to detail the profile of the samples. According to the rating made by the untrained and trained judges is analyzed in the following Table 5.
Table 5 Summary ANOVA table of the organoleptic attributes evaluated (Intensity).
| Analysis of Variance Table (SC Type III) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organoleptic attributes | Untrained tasters | Trained tasters | ||||
| Variance factor: Treatments | Variance factor: Treatments | |||||
| F | P-value | Critical value for F | F | P-value | Critical value for F | |
| Brightness | 1,3519 | 0,24483* | 2,2661 | 0,6238 | 0,6820* | 2,3231 |
| Color | 9,5039 | 0,00000004 97** | 2,2661 | 0,7133 | 0,6151* | 2,3231 |
| Aroma | 2,9440 | 0,01409** | 2,2661 | 1,7909 | 0,1235* | 2,3231 |
| Cocoa flavor | 1,2575 | 0,2845* | 2,2661 | 1,3498 | 0,2516* | 2,3231 |
| Sweet taste | 1,2326 | 0,2958* | 2,2661 | 1,7452 | 0,1332* | 2,3231 |
| Bitterness | 0,2600 | 0,9343* | 2,2661 | 1,7385 | 0,1347* | 2,3231 |
| Astringency | 0,4288 | 0,8281* | 2,2661 | 0,6829 | 0,6376* | 2,3231 |
Source: Authors.
*: no significant difference (according to P-value is greater than α= 0.05).
**: there is a significant difference (according to P-value is less than α= 0.05).
------: parameter not evaluated.
Based on the values obtained in Table 6 for the organoleptic attributes evaluated according to intensity. They are statistically equal in the opinion of the trained tasters, while for the untrained tasters there was a significant difference in aroma and color with a reliability of 95%, as evidenced in Table 6, which shows the Tukey test, where the best treatment in each organoleptic attribute was verified.
Table 6 Tukey test - Organoleptic parameters - intensity
| Variance Factor | Test: Tukey | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments | Stockings | Ranges | ||
| Color | 6 | 3,33 | A | |
| 5 | 3,13 | A | ||
| 2 | 3 | A | ||
| 1 | 2,6 | A | ||
| 3 | 2,47 | A | ||
| 4 | 1,4 | B | ||
| Aroma | 1 | 3,63 | A | |
| 2 | 3,37 | A | B | |
| 5 | 3,13 | A | B | |
| 3 | 3,07 | A | B | |
| 6 | 2,93 | A | B | |
| 4 | 2,6 | B | ||
Source: Authors
The tukey test determines that T6 presented a different result between the measurements, which means that the untrained tasters defined a characteristic color of chocolate. This contrasts with what Caballero and Maldonado (2012) indicate that the color of the product should be dark brown, complementing compliance with the parameters. In relation to aroma, T1 shows a higher value among the measurements.
Untrained tasters found one cocoa aroma to stand out from the rest. Zambrano et al. (2010) indicate that the aroma is produced during fermentation and roasting where at 120°C the amino acids precursors of the chocolate aroma are released. It also depends on the variety type of cocoa with which it is going to be made; then with a mixture of 20% of Super tree cocoa liquor added is enough to have that fruity aroma typical of the almond. According to Jinap, Bakar, and Saari (2004), the pyrazine contained in cocoa is responsible for giving the characteristic aroma and flavor of chocolate in the roasting process. Beckett (2008) points out that conching is one of the important operations for minimizing undesirable parameters, refining the aroma, and homogenizing the ingredients to give a good texture and flavor, losing the bitter and astringent taste (Zambrano et al., 2010).
Analysis of sensory attributes according to their acceptability
The following table shows the scores of the untrained and trained judges:
Table 7 Summary ANOVA table of the organoleptic attributes evaluated (Acceptability).
| Analysis of Variance Table (SC Type III) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organoleptic attributes | Untrained tasters | Trained tasters | ||||
| Variance factor: Treatments | Variance factor: Treatments | |||||
| F | P-value | Critical value for F | F | P-value | Critical value for F | |
| Brightness | 1,4635 | 0,2041* | 2,2661 | 2,9647 | 0,0163** | 2,3231 |
| Color | 9,5326 | 0,000000 0471** | 2,2661 | 2,4291 | 0,0416** | 2,3231 |
| Aroma | 2,4013 | 0,0390** | 2,2661 | 4,7738 | 0,00069** | 2,3231 |
| Cocoa flavor | 1,7776 | 0,1198* | 2,2661 | 2,0980 | 0,0736* | 2,3231 |
| Sweet taste | 1,1572 | 0,3323* | 2,2661 | 0,6079 | 0,6941* | 2,3231 |
| Texture | 7,7213 | 0,000001 3967** | 2,2661 | 4,5832 | 0,00096** | 2,3231 |
| Fluency | -------- | --------- | --------- | 1,7092 | 0,1414* | 2,3231 |
Source: Authors
*: no significant difference (according to P-value is greater than α= 0.05).
**: there is a significant difference (according to P-value is less than α= 0.05).
------: parameter not evaluated.
According to the values obtained in Table 9 on the organoleptic attributes evaluated according to acceptability. There is a statistically significant difference in certain sensory attributes; the untrained tasters considered a significant difference in color, aroma, and texture, while the trained tasters found a significant difference in brightness, color, aroma, and texture with a reliability of 95% as evidenced in Table 8, which shows the Tukey test, where the best treatment was verified in each organoleptic attribute.
Table 8 Tukey summary table of the organoleptic attributes that had a significant difference. (Acceptability).
| Organoleptic Attributes | Untrained tasters | Trained tasters | ||||||||||
| Test: Tukey | Test: Tukey | |||||||||||
| Treatments | Stockings | Ranges | Treatments | Stockings | Ranges | |||||||
| Brightness | 1 | 3,8 | A | |||||||||
| 5 | 3,67 | A | ||||||||||
| 3 | 3,27 | A | B | |||||||||
| 2 | 3,27 | A | B | |||||||||
| 4 | 3,2 | A | B | |||||||||
| 6 | 2,8 | B | ||||||||||
| Color | 6 | 3,93 | A | 1 | 4,27 | A | ||||||
| 5 | 3,87 | A | 3 | 4,2 | A | B | ||||||
| 2 | 3,6 | A | 2 | 4,13 | A | B | ||||||
| 1 | 3,6 | A | 6 | 4,07 | A | B | ||||||
| 3 | 3,23 | A | 5 | 4 | A | B | ||||||
| 4 | 2,47 | B | 4 | 3,53 | B | |||||||
| Aroma | 6 | 3,8 | A | 3 | 4 | A | ||||||
| 1 | 3,77 | A | B | 1 | 3,8 | A | B | |||||
| 5 | 3,73 | A | B | 6 | 3,47 | A | B | C | ||||
| 3 | 3,5 | A | B | 2 | 3,47 | A | B | C | ||||
| 2 | 3,43 | A | B | 5 | 3,07 | B | C | |||||
| 4 | 3,07 | B | 4 | 2,67 | C | |||||||
| Texture | 1 | 4,1 | A | 1 | 4,27 | A | ||||||
| 2 | 3,87 | A | B | 5 | 2,93 | A | B | |||||
| 5 | 3,8 | A | B | 2 | 2,93 | A | B | |||||
| 6 | 3,73 | A | B | 6 | 2,8 | B | ||||||
| 3 | 3,3 | B | C | 3 | 2,67 | B | ||||||
| 4 | 2,8 | C | 4 | 2 | B | |||||||
Source: Authors
Table 9 ANOVA of the treatments evaluated
| Analysis of | Variance Table (SC | Type III) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variance factor | Untrained tasters | Trained tasters | ||
| F | p-value | F | p-value | |
| Treatments | 12,208 | 0,000230 | 1,99 | 0,1527 |
Source: Authors
As indicated in Table 10, the tukey test determines that the expectations of the trained judges in terms of brightness, color, texture perceived an excellent aroma in T3. While the untrained judges liked the T6 in relation to color and aroma, agreeing with the trained judges that, the best texture is in the T1. Caballero and Maldonado (2012) mention that a product is appetizing for its texture when it does not feel lumpy on the palate and when breaking it, a crunch is felt. To obtain this consistency, brightness and color of the chocolate depends on the size of the particles (less than 30 microns) and a good tempering process, which helps to give a good crystallization of the fat.
Table 10 Comparisons of means by Tukey's test.
| Untrained tasters | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments (T) | Stockings | n | Ranges | |||
| 1 | 3,8 | A | ||||
| 5 | 3,73 | A | B | |||
| 6 | 3,7 | A | B | |||
| 2 | 3,57 | A | B | |||
| 3 | 3,33 | B | C | |||
| 4 | C | |||||
| 2,9 | ||||||
Source: Authors
Analysis of the best treatment
With the averages obtained from the evaluation, the analysis of variance of the treatments was carried out.
According to the statistical results of ANOVA (Table 10), with respect to untrained judges there is a significant difference between treatments because according to p-value obtained is less than α= 0.05. Meanwhile, for trained judges, the statistical results indicate that there is no significant difference between treatments (all are equal), because according to pvalue obtained is greater than α= 0.05. The best treatment was determined using Tukey's method.
Table 10 shows statistically that, for the untrained judges, the best coverage chocolate is the one with 70% cocoa liquor (treatment 1) in which it is mixed with two types of varieties (80% CCN51 cocoa and 20% Super tree). According to the analysis of the attributes, this is the one that has stood out in brightness, color, aroma, and texture: then with 20% of Super tree cocoa liquor combined with CCN51, it shows better sensory characteristics.
Physical-Chemical Analysis
The results of the physical-chemical analysis of bitter coverage chocolate were compared with the Mexican standard NMX-F-061-1964 and NTE INEN 621:2010.
Table 11 shows the experimental results. The moisture and ash contents are within the established ranges compared to the Mexican standard NMX-F-061-1964. When fermentation is carried out under appropriate conditions, the cocoa bean does not incorporate substances that can increase the percentage of minerals (Beckett, 2008).
Table 11 Comparison of the physicochemical results of the best treatment with the standards
| Parameters | Result of the analysis | Mexican Standard NMX-F-061-1964 | Standard NTE INEN 621:2010 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min. | Max. | Min. | Max. | ||
| % Humidity | 1,59 | --- | 2,0 | --- | --- |
| % Protein | 9,26 | 7,25 | --- | --- | |
| % Grease | 37,86 | --- | 31 | ||
| % Ash | 2,04 | 1,9 | 2,1 | --- | --- |
| % Dry defatted cocoa extract | 99,38 | --- | --- | 2,5 | |
| Total % of cocoa dry extract | 98,41 | --- | --- | 35 | |
Source: Authors.
The protein (9.26%) and fat (37.86%) contents have a high percentage according to the minimum established in the Mexican standard NMX-F-061-1964 and NTE INEN 621:2010. The high percentage ratio may be due to the mixture of the two raw materials, CCN51 and Super Tree, which contain different concentrations of protein and fat (Graziani, Ortiz, & Parra, 2003).
The contents of defatted dry extract and total cocoa dry extract analyzed compared to the NTE INEN 621:2010 standard is higher than the minimum level of 2.5% and 35% established according to the requirements that a coverage chocolate must contain. The product itself partially has a high content of non-fat components with minimal moisture content, favoring the preservation of the product (INEN, 2010).
Microbiological analysis
Microbiological analyses were performed to verify that the product does not represent a health hazard caused by microorganisms.
As can be seen in Table 12, the results of the microbiological analysis of the chocolate for coverage report the presence of total mesophiles, total coliforms, and yeasts, which are less than 100 CFU.
Table 12 Comparison of the microbiological results of the chocolate sample for coverage with INEN 621
| CHOCOLATE AN | ALYSIS FOR COU | OUVERTURE |
|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Sample analyzed | According to standard |
| Total mesophiles | <100 CFU | <2.0˟104UFC |
| Yeast | <25 UFC | <1.0˟102UFC |
| Total coliforms | <100 CFU | <1.0˟102UFC |
Source: Authors.
Conclusions
Bitter coverage chocolate was made from cocoa liquor containing a combination of two varieties (CCN51 and Super tree), plus the addition of sugar, cocoa butter, and lecithin, according to the proposed treatments; the conching process was controlled where the paste is refined and undesirable flavors are eliminated, giving it the product's own characteristics.
The untrained judges, through statistical analysis, reported that the best organoleptic characteristics in brightness, color, aroma, flavor, and texture were found in treatment 1 containing 70% cocoa liquor; that is, the Super Tree variety influences the characteristics of the CCN51 variety; unlike the trained judges, no significant difference was found between treatments.
According to the formulation has the best treatment for bitter type coverage chocolate, its composition is within the parameters, both physical-chemical and microbiological according to NTE INEN 621:2010, concluding its feasibility in the production line at the Saquifrancia farm.
