SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.10 número4Relationship between Gully Erosion and Agricultural Landscape Pattern in the Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast ChinaGranulation Process and Mechanism of Aerobic Granular Sludge under Salt Stress in a Sequencing Batch Reactor índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • No hay artículos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Tecnología y ciencias del agua

versión On-line ISSN 2007-2422

Tecnol. cienc. agua vol.10 no.4 Jiutepec jul./ago. 2019  Epub 21-Abr-2021

https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2019-04-07 

Special Article

Response of Benthic Invertebrate Communities in River-Changed Ponds to River Habitat Modification in Water-Deficient Area

1State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, email: liuf832@163.com

2State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, email: baiyinblg@hotmail.com

3State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, email: wuyih@iwhr.com

4State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, email: joylife@126.com

5State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, email: swood2002@163.com


Abstract

In the water-deficient area, river-changed ponds are common and vital for aquatic species. This paper studies the relationship between the environmental factors and the benthic invertebrate communities in varying ponds under river habitat modifications (RHM). For analysis, numerous samples are collected from river-changed ponds in Beijing, China. These ponds are classified into five types, including totally reinforced ponds, channel reinforced ponds, bank reinforced ponds, natural ponds, and restored ponds. Results indicate: 1) the biodiversity of benthic invertebrates is dependent strongly on the pond type; 2) habitat quality explains a considerable amount of variations in benthic invertebrate communities, and RHM show strong power in explaining variations in habitat quality; 3) RHM on the pond bank has stronger impact on the habitat quality than that on the pond bottom. These findings suggest that RHM can affect the benthic invertebrate community through changing habitat quality. And we suggest that ecological restoration of pond bank should be a useful way to improve invertebrate biodiversity for rive-changed ponds in Beijing.

Keywords Benthic invertebrate community; River-changed ponds; Water-deficient area; Habitat quality; River habitat modification

Introduction

Ponds are defined as small (1 m2 to about 5 ha), man-made or natural shallow waterbodies, which permanently or temporarily hold water (Meester et al., 2005). In water-deficient areas, ponds are very common. For a long time, ponds have been ignored by freshwater biologists (Céréghino et al., 2008). Recently, there is growing evidence that ponds are species-rich (Williams et al., 2003) and important surrogate habitats for aquatic organisms (Peltzer et al., 2006) in water-deficient areas. With the rapid growth of the economy, the water quantity of rivers is strongly reduced as a result of water resources development for agricultural, industrial and domestic use. Many rivers are dried out for most of the year. Consequently, rivers are changed into some ponds with extremely low velocity. Such process can be observed in many water-deficient regions of the world (Céréghino et al., 2008; Hale et al., 2015).

Managing river system often includes many river habitat modifications (RHM), such as flood protection works, water intake engineering, and ecological restoration projects (Pedersen, 2009; Szoszkiewicz et al., 2006). A number of habitat modification projects are done in river-changed ponds (Liu et al., 2009; Men et al., 2010) and obviously, these modifications have direct impacts on aquatic organisms (Albertson et al., 2011). Meanwhile, the alteration exerts on habitat quality features, such as water quality and bottom stability, have more effects in structuring aquatic communities (Petkovska & Urbanič, 2015). Benthic invertebrates play an important role (Duan et al., 2011) and changes of benthic invertebrate communities provide valuable information about the current status of aquatic systems (Mehler et al., 2015). Therefore, it is important to establish more precise links of invertebrate communities and environmental factors under the effect of RHM for river management.

Generally, the distribution of invertebrates in rivers appears to be mainly dependent on river discharge (Death & Zimmermann, 2005), water quality (Guilpart et al., 2012), and bottom stability (Duan et al., 2011). Most of these environmental drivers are associated with water flowing. In contrast, invertebrate assemblages seem to be primarily affected by various aspects of vegetation in lentic environments (Trigal-Dominguez et al. 2009). However, river-changed ponds in water-deficient areas are different from running rivers and totally lentic lakes. Few studies compared invertebrate communities in different types of ponds and tried to identify the main environmental drivers. Hale et al. (2015) compared the invertebrate community composition in natural stream ponds and man-made stock ponds watering domesticated animals and found that 81% of the taxa were exclusive to either stock ponds or natural ponds. Jurado et al. (2009) showed that the most important factors responsible for the differences in invertebrate community structures between natural stream ponds and wastewater treatment ponds were pH, vegetation structure and pollution levels. On the other hand, Oertli et al. (2008) suggested that connectivity was highly important in structuring the invertebrate assemblages in alpine ponds. Some other factors, such as the presence of bullfrog, are also discussed (Hale et al., 2015). Despite the important ecological role of river-changed ponds in the water-deficient area, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding whether there are differences for invertebrate communities in different types of river-changed ponds, and the factors determining such differences, including anthropogenic habitat modifications.

In this study, the main aims are to (i) compare community composition, abundance and biodiversity of benthic invertebrate communities in different types of river-changed ponds, (ii) investigate the effect of RHM and habitat quality on invertebrate communities, and (iii) quantify the effect of RHM on habitat quality features and identify the main factors. The results will provide an important basic for enhancing freshwater biodiversity in river-changed ponds and be benefit for river management and rehabilitation.

Methods

Study Area

As composed by different types of ponds and have relatively good water quality in Beijing of China, Huaijiu River and Zhuan River are selected (Figure 1). Huaijiu River, with an area of 347.2 km2, is located in the Huairou district which is one of the most important water sources in Beijing. With relatively less anthropogenic disturbance, it contains several ponds without any water projects. But segments across villages are embanked with nearly no floodplain. Some ponds are ecologically restored, including rehabilitation of natural riparian and hydrophytic vegetation. In contrast, Zhuan River, with a length of 3.7 km, is located in the central urban area and all of the channels are reinforced by concrete. But for some ponds, shallow waters with hydrophytes are created within the marginal area. During August 2014, a field investigation was conducted in Huaijiu River and Zhuan River.

Figure 1 Sketch of study area and sampling sites.  

Survey Design

Five types of ponds are defined here. Totally reinforced ponds (TRP) refer to the ponds with reinforced channel and vertical cement revetment (Figure 2a). Channel reinforced ponds (CRP) refer to the ponds with concrete channel underwater, but the vertical cement revetment above water are removed and shallow waters with hydrophytes are built in the marginal area (Figure 2b). Bank reinforced ponds (BRP) refer to the ponds with natural streambed, but vertical cement revetment and severely encroached flood plain (Figure 2c). Natural ponds (NP) refer to the fragmented habitats in rivers, without any artificial water utilization or restoration projects (Figure 2d). Cement revetment with slop in some ponds are covered with soils and ecologically restored by the rehabilitation of riparian and hydrophytic vegetation. Thus these ponds are defined as restored ponds (RP, Figure 2e).

Figure 2 Sketch of five types of ponds in this research: totally reinforced ponds (a), channel reinforced ponds (b), bank reinforced ponds (c), natural ponds (d), and restored ponds (e). 

A total of 24 sampling sites were chosen from the two rivers in Beijing, including 5 sites in NP, 3 sites in BRP, 5 sites in RP, 8 sites in CRP and 3 in TRP (Figure 1). All of the ponds contain water year round, with velocity lower than 0.3 m/s for most of the year.

Benthic Invertebrate Data Collecting

A D-frame dip net was used to sample along the substrates and in plant clusters. Replicate samples for each site were combined to form a composite sample, amounting to at least a minimum area of 1 m2 (Duan et al., 2011). The samples were rinsed vigorously through a 300-μm sieve and the invertebrates were collected in plastic sample containers with 95% ethanol in the field. All invertebrates were identified and counted under a stereoscopic microscope in the laboratory. Invertebrates were identified to the finest taxonomic unit as possible, mostly to genus or species. For each sample, the total species number (S), individual density (N), and biomass density (W) were calculated or weighed.

Environmental Data Collecting

For each site, environmental data including bottom stability (BS), water quality (WQ), vegetation (Veg) and RHM were obtained, and the specific environmental variables are listed in Table 1. Some environmental parameters including the water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in situ using portable multiparameter water quality analyzer (YSI 6600). A water sample of approximately 1L was taken at each site to measure chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), five day’s biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP) in laboratory, according to China’s National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 2003).

Table 1 Summary of environmental variables for the 24 sampling sites 

Abbreviation unit Variable group Median (min-max)
pH pH - WQ 7.79 (7.45-8.64)
dissolved oxygen DO mg/L WQ 5.84 (4.14-13.44)
total nitrogen TN mg/L WQ 1.45 (0.20-3.93)
ammonium NH3-N mg/L WQ 0.17 (0.03-1.60)
total phosphorus TP mg/L WQ 0.11 (0.02-0.84)
chemical oxygen demand CODMn mg/L WQ 2.30 (1.09-17.98)
five day’s biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 mg/L WQ 1.60 (0.36-16.92)
Rock angularity Ra Score a BS 3 (1-4)
Brightness Br Score a BS 1 (1-4)
Consolidation of particles Cp Score a BS 4 (2-8)
Bottom size distribution Bsd Score a BS 8 (4-12)
Scouring and deposition Sd Score a BS 12 (6-24)
Aquatic vegetation Av Score a BS 2 (1-4)
banktop vegetation structure Btvs Score b Veg 0 (0-3)
banksurface vegetation structure Bsvs Score b Veg 2 (0-3)
channel vegetation types Cvt Score b Veg 11.0 (0.0-16.5)
Artificial bank material Abm Score b RHM 0 (0-6)
bank modification Bm Score b RHM 0 (0-7)
Artificial channel material Acm Score b RHM 0 (0-6)
channel modification Cm Score b RHM 0 (0-4)
Artificial bank profile Abp Score b RHM 1.5 (0.0-6.5)
Bridge Bri Score b RHM 1.5 (0.0-3.0)
Ford For Score b RHM 0 (0-2)
Weir/sluice c Ws Score b RHM 0 (0-3)
Outfalls Ouf Score b RHM 0 (0-2)
water impoundment Wi Score b RHM 0 (0-2)

a score of individual variable is calculated according to the bottom component of Pfankuch Stability Index (Pfankuch, 1975 ).

b score of individual variable is calculated according to the SIHM method (Tavzes & Urbanič, 2009).

c variables excluded from further analysis according to occurrence frequency lower than 10%.

Bed stability has significant effects on the composition of benthic invertebrate communities (Townsend et al., 1997). There are different approaches and techniques to quantify bed stability, such as the distance travelled by in-situ-marked tracer stones (Death, 2005), and the percentage of substrate that would move at bankfull discharge (Duncan et al., 1999). Schwendel et al. (2011) compared these methods and found that the Pfankuch Index of bottom component was one of the most suitable measures for researching invertebrate communities. The Pfankuch Stability Index is a method for visual evaluation of streambed and bank stability (Pfankuch, 1975), and the bottom component of Pfankuch Stability Index (BCP) is used here to assess the bottom stability (Schwendel et al., 2011).

SIHM is a method for evaluating different categories of river features regarding their influence on benthic invertebrate communities, including the parts of Veg and RHM (Tavzes & Urbanič, 2009). Previous studies (Petkovska & Urbanič, 2015; Urbanič, 2014) showed a good explanatory power of SIHM linking to benthic invertebrates. Therefore, variables of Veg and RHM are used here and their scores are calculated according to the SIHM method (Tavzes & Urbanič, 2009).

Multivariate Data Analysis

For each invertebrate sample, the Margalef index (D), Pielou index (J) and Shannon-Wiener index (H) are calculated to determine the species richness (Margalef, 1958), evenness (Pielou, 1966) and diversity (Shannon & Wiener, 1949). Mean species number (S), individual density (N), biomass density (W), D, J, H, the percentages of phylum Mollusca (Mol), Annelida (Ann), and Arthropoda (Atr) individuals are compared among different types of ponds by using Mann-Whitney U test.

Ordination techniques are applied based on CANOCO 4.5. Benthic invertebrate data are ln(x+1) transformed to reduce the weights of rare taxa in all cases. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) on invertebrate data is used to analyze the relationship between invertebrate communities and environmental variables. Since the largest gradient length is 5.38, unimodal species responses are assumed, and thus the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) is applied. Firstly, CCA with forward selection on RHM are applied to identify the effect of RHM on invertebrate assemblages. Then the importance of the three habitat quality groups (WQ, BS and Veg) in explaining variability among benthic invertebrate assemblages is tested by CCA. Furthermore, DCA with forward selection is used to investigate the significance of RHM in explaining variations of habitat quality groups (WQ, BS and Veg) separately.

Results and Discussion

Invertebrate Communities in Different Types of Ponds

As shown in the appendix, a total of 82 invertebrate taxa (21 identified to species, 51 identified to genus, 10 identified to family) are identified, including 15 Mollusca, 9 Annelida and 58 Arthropoda. In Table 2, there are several statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in invertebrate community variables between pairs of pond types through the Mann-Whitney U test. TRP have significant smaller species numbers (1~4) than CRP (4~18, P = 0.018), NP (6~22, P = 0.025) and RP (10~17, P = 0.024). TRP also have significant smaller individual density (6~94 ind./m2) than NP (104~348 ind./m2, P = 0.025) and RP (172~392 ind./m2, P = 0.025). However, the biomass densities in TRP (11.20~79.79 g/m2) are significantly higher than that in CRP (0.46~9.01 g/m2, P = 0.014). The percentages of Mollusca in TRP (100%) are significantly higher (P = 0.013 to 0.037) than that in other ponds while the percentages of Arthropoda are significantly lower (P = 0.013 to 0.025).

Table 2 P values of Mann-Whitney U test between every two types of ponds. 

Compared ponds S N W Mol Ann Art D J H
TRP-CRP 0.018 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.028 0.025 0.014
TRP-SP 0.025 0.025 0.022 0.022 0.025 0.025
TRP-RSP 0.024 0.025 0.022 0.022 0.025 0.025
TRP-BRP 0.037 0.037 0.037
CRP-SP 0.013 0.013 0.028
CRP-RSP 0.013 0.013
CRP-BRP 0.025 0.041 0.024 0.014 0.041
SP-RSP 0.016
RSP-BRP 0.025

The Shannon-Wiener index is the most recognizable variable for different types of ponds. It is significantly highest in RP (2.36~3.66) and CRP (1.89~3.51), significantly lower in NP (1.96~2.41), and significantly lowest in BRP (1.11~2.27) and TRP (0.00~1.50). According to comparing TRP and RP, there is no significant difference (P = 0.770) in the Shannon-Wiener index, but significant differences (P = 0.013) in percentages of Mollusca and Arthropoda. Since all of these variables have no significant differences between NP and BRP, the results are not included in Table 2.

Although BRP and RP are modified by anthropogenic activities, they have similar community composition with NP. Such modified and river-changed ponds provide important surrogate habitat for some aquatic invertebrate taxa (Hale et al., 2015) in Beijing area. However, the species richness is rather low in TRP (only mollusk). Obviously, the channelization has given rise to strong changes of the habitat structure and reduced the integrity and complexity of the living environment, which is necessary to support diverse aquatic biota (Blann et al., 2009). On the other hand, the higher biomass in TRP is mainly caused by the existence of the large-sized gastropods (Pan et al., 2012).

A comparison between TRP and BRP reveals that there is no significant difference in species numbers, biodiversity, and biomass densities. However, the invertebrate assemblages in TRP are composed mainly of mollusks, while arthropods are observed in BRP. Since the two pond types have similar bank profiles but different bottom materials, the differences in the composition may be mainly owing to the substrate material and its stability (Duan et al., 2011).

For CRP, the vertical concrete bank above water has been removed, and slop bank with complex vegetation and riparian vegetation have been rebuilt, but the reinforced channel underwater is retained. Compared to TRP, CRP shows a significantly higher species richness and biodiversity, suggesting the importance of bank form and riparian vegetation (Demars et al., 2012). The relatively lower biodiversity in BRP confirms this point from the opposite angle.

The invertebrate fauna of urban rivers is often highly restricted when compared with non-urban watercourses in the same region (Davies & Hawkes, 1981). However, compared to NP in the suburban area, CRP in the urban area has significantly higher biodiversity and a similar taxonomic composition, which prove the modification successful.

Comparing the Effects of RHM and Habitat Quality on Invertebrate Assemblages

The total variance in species data is 4.561, including 24 sampling sites and 82 invertebrate taxa. After forward selection only Abp (P = 0.004) and Out (P = 0.018) are selected. The total explained variance of RHM is 0.63 (13.9%), and the explanatory powers of Abp and Ouf were 7.4% and 6.5% (Figure 3).

Figure 3 CCA ordination diagram of all species and the two forward-selected variables of RHM. 

For detecting the effects of habitat quality on invertebrate communities, pH (P = 0.030), TP (P = 0.002), Br (P = 0.002), Av (P = 0.038), and Cvt (P = 0.002) are selected after forward selection. Testing the explanatory power of each variable group individually, each group comprises two or three variables after forward selection. From Figure 4, the highest explanatory power of variable groups is shown in bottom stability (23.0%), followed by the water quality (21.0%) and vegetation (20.5%).

Figure 4 Explained variances of water quality (WQ), bottom stability (BS) and vegetation (Veg). 

The RHM explains the least variation among the four variable groups. Thus the habitat quality has relatively more significant or direct impacts on invertebrate communities for river-changed ponds. That conforms to the conclusion that benthic invertebrate assemblages respond less to the physical alteration itself but more to the effect that the alteration exerts on habitat quality features (Petkovska & Urbanič, 2015).

Each habitat quality variable group is tested for its significance in structuring benthic invertebrate assemblages. Generally, approximate explanatory powers are shown among the WQ, BS and Veg. The importance of WQ, BS, and Veg to invertebrate assemblages has been reported from the previous researches (Duan et al., 2011; Demars et al., 2012), but studies on quantificationally comparing their effects are rare. Jurado et al. (2009) identified the main environmental factors structuring invertebrate community in natural and wastewater treatment ponds, and the results showed that WQ and the instream vegetation accounted for 26.53% and 17.69% of the explained variance. On the other hand, Petkovska & Urbanič (2015) found that the slope (20%) and the predominant flow (12%) were the most important in explaining invertebrate assemblage variances, while the Btvs (2%), Bsvs (1%) and Cvt (3%) were much less important. Moreover, Demars et al. (2012) found that the marginal and instream vegetation accounted for 60% of the total explained genus composition variance within the river and 26% between rivers. In fact, the natural substrate characteristics are the consequences of the interaction between the flowing water and the channels (Duan et al., 2011). Therefore the explanatory power of BS partly merges the influence of water flow on invertebrate assemblages. Compared to natural streams, all of the ponds in this study have similar low velocity and flow regimes. Consequently, the similarity reduces the importance of bottom stability and enhanced the importance of vegetation. Compared to totally lentic lakes, water in these ponds can flow and be connected in flood period or by human manipulation. That may be why WQ, BS, and Veg revealed approximate significances in structuring benthic invertebrate assemblages of river-changed ponds in water-deficient areas.

Effects of RHM on Habitat Quality

DCA on WQ, BS, and Veg are performed, and the largest gradient lengths (0.37~1.48) are small. Thus RDA with forward selection is applied to detect the relationship between RHM and the other habitat quality variable groups (Table 3). RHM explains 43.59% of the variance in WQ with 3 statistically significant variables after forward selection, 60.85% of the variance in BS with 2 statistically significant variables, and 52.46% of the Veg variance with 2 statistically significant variables. The most explanatory RHM variable is the artificial bank profile (Abp), explaining 14.6%, 49.9% and 43.1% of the variance in WQ, BS and Veg, respectively. In addition, the artificial bank material (Abm) explained most of the variance in water quality (19.5%).

Table 3 Results of RDA with forward selection. 

RHM
Abp Bm Wi Abm For total
ƛ P ƛ P ƛ P ƛ P ƛ P ƛ
WQ 14.6 0.012 9.5 0.010 19.5 0.002 43.59
BS 49.9 0.002 10.9 0.002 60.85
Veg 43.1 0.002 9.3 0.014 52.46

Many changes in WQ, BS and Veg of the hydrosystems are directly or indirectly caused by anthropogenic habitat modification (Schlosser & Karr, 1981; Wyżga et al., 2012). Since rivers in Beijing area are highly disturbed by human activities, RHM explains a considerable amount (43.59% ~ 60.85%) of variations in habitat quality. RHM has relatively higher explanatory power for BS and Veg which are changed directly in many projects such as channelization works, alteration of the channel and bank materials. In contrast, water quality variance is relatively less explained because it is indirectly affected by channel materials, vegetation, water impoundment and so on (Marzin et al., 2012).

Variables for bank alteration (Abp, Bm, Abm) affect WQ (34.1%), BS (49.9%) and Veg (52.4%) significantly. Bank modification is also a good explanatory variable for invertebrate assemblages in other studies (Stefania et al., 2006). It can be inferred that the bank system play an important role in maintaining the habitat quality and biodiversity for river-changed ponds. Thus the natural bank profile, material and vegetation should be modified carefully.

Conclusions

This study has proved that the river-changed ponds are important habitats for benthic invertebrates in Beijing for some of these modified ponds even supported higher biodiversity than natural stream pools. RHM can affect the benthic invertebrate community through changing the habitat quality, including WQ, BS, and Veg. Modification of river banks is the main human pressure affecting habitat quality in river-changed ponds. Moreover, the most important habitat quality variables for structuring benthic invertebrate assemblages are the bottom brightness, total phosphorus and vegetation types. Finally, we suggest that vegetation replanting in channels and riparian areas might be a useful way to improve invertebrate biodiversity in Beijing.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the IWHR Research & Development Support Program (HY0145C092014), and the Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province (KFKT2016005).

References

Albertson, L. K., Cardinate, B. J., Zeug, S. C., Harrison, L. R., Lenihan, H. S. & Wydzga, M. A. (2011). Impacts of channel reconstruction on invertebrate assemblages in a restored river. Restoration Ecology, 5, 627-638. [ Links ]

Blann, K. L., Anderson, J. L., Sands, G. R. & Vondracek, B. (2009). Effects of agricultural drainage on aquatic ecosystems: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 909-1001. [ Links ]

Céréghino, R., Biggs, J., Oertli, B. & Declerck, S. (2008). The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat. Hydrobiologia, 597, 1-6. [ Links ]

Davies, L. J. & Hawkes, H. A. (1981). Some effects of organic pollution on the distribution and seasonal incidence of Chironomidae in riffles in the River Colel. Freshwater Biology, 11, 549-559. [ Links ]

Death, R. G. & Zimmermann, E. M. (2005). Interaction between disturbance and primary productivity in determining stream invertebrate diversity. Oikos, 111, 392-402. [ Links ]

Demars, B. O. L., Kemp, J. L., Friberg, N., Usseglio-Polatera, P. & Harper, D. M. (2012). Linking biotopes to invertebrates in rivers: biological traits, taxonomic composition and diversity. Ecological Indicators, 23, 301-311. [ Links ]

De Meester, L., Declerck, S., Stoks, R., Louette, G., Van-De-Meutter, F., De-Bie, T., Michels, E. & Brendonck, L. (2005). Ponds and pools as model system in conservation biology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15, 715-726. [ Links ]

Duan, X. H., Wang, Z. Y. & Xu, M. Z. (2011). Effects of fluvial processes and human activities on stream macro-invertebrates. International Journal of Sediment Research, 26, 416-430. [ Links ]

Duncan, M. J., Suren, A. M. & Brown, S. L. R. (1999). Assessment of streambed stability in steep, bouldery streams: development of a new analytical technique. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 18, 445-456. [ Links ]

Guilpart, A., Roussel, J. M., Aubin, J., Caquet, T., Marle, M. & Bris, H. L. (2012). The use of benthic invertebrate community and water quality analyses to assess ecological consequences of fish farm effluents in rivers. Ecological Indicators, 23, 356-365. [ Links ]

Hale, J. R., Mims, M. C., Bogan, M. T. & Olden, J. D. (2015). Links between two interacting factors, novel habitats and non-native predators, and aquatic invertebrate communities in a dryland environment. Hydrobiologia, 746, 313-326. [ Links ]

Jurado, G. B., Callanan, M., Gioria, M., Baars, J.-R., Harrington, R. & Kelly-Quinn, M. (2009). Comparison of macroinvertebrate community structure and driving environmental factors in natural and wastewater treatment ponds. Hydrobiologia, 634, 153-165. [ Links ]

Liu, J. L., Ma, M. Y., Zhang, F. L., Yang, Z. F. & Domagalski, J. (2009). The ecohealth assessment and ecological restoration division of urban water system in Beijing. Ecotoxicology, 18, 759-767. [ Links ]

Margalef, D. R. (1958). Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [ Links ]

Marzin, A, Verdonschot, P. F. M. & Pont, D. (2012). The relative influence of catchment, riparian corridor, and reach-scale anthropogenic pressures on fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages in French rivers. Hydrobiologia, 704, 375-388. [ Links ]

Mehler, K., Acharya, K., Sada, D., Yu, Z. (2015). Factors affecting spatiotemporal benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and secondary production in a semi-arid watershed. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 30, 197-214. [ Links ]

Men, B. H., Zhang, S. F. & Xia, J. (2010). The instream ecological water flow research at the lower reach of Guanting Reservoir on Yongding River, Beijing. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 1, 211-215. [ Links ]

Oertli, B., Indermuehle, N., Angelibert, S., Hinden, H. & Stoll, A. (2008). Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine ponds of Swiss National Park (Cirque of Macun) and relation to environmental variables. Hydrobiologia, 597, 29-41. [ Links ]

Pan, B. Z., Wang, Z. Y., Xu, M. Z. & Xing, L. H. (2012). Relation between stream habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate assemblages in three Chinese rivers. Quaternary International, 282, 178-183. [ Links ]

Pedersen, M. L. (2009). Effects of channelization, riparian structure and catchment area on physical habitat in small lowland streams. Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 174, 89-99. [ Links ]

Peltzer, M. P., Lajmanovich, R. C., Attademo, A. M. & Beltzer, A. H. (2006). Diversity of anurans across agricultural ponds in Argentina. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 3499-3513. [ Links ]

Petkovska, V. & Urbanič, G. (2015). The links between morphological parameters and benthic invertebrate assemblages, and general implications for hydromorphological river management. Ecohydrology, 8, 67-82. [ Links ]

Pfankuch, D. J. (1975). Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation. U. S. D. A. Forest Service, Region 1: Missoula, Montana. [ Links ]

Pielou, E. C. (1966). Species-diversity and pattern-diversity in the study of ecological succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 10, 370-383. [ Links ]

Schlosser, I. J. & Karr, J. R. (1981). Riparian vegetation and channel morphology impact on spatial patterns of water quality in agricultural watersheds. Environmental Management, 5, 233-243. [ Links ]

Schwendel, A. C., Death, R. G., Fuller, I. C. & Joy, M. K. (2011). Linking disturbance and stream invertebrate communities: how best to measure bed stability. The North American Benthological Society, 30, 11-24. [ Links ]

Shannon, C. E. & Wiener, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. [ Links ]

Stefania, E., Andrea, B., Nigel, H., O’Hare, M., Scarlett, P. & Stenico, A. (2006). Preliminary testing of River Habitat Survey features for the aims of the WFD hydro-morphological assessment: an overview from the STAR Project. Hydrobiologia, 566, 281-296. [ Links ]

Szoszkiewicz, K., Buffagni, A., Davy-Bowker, J., Lesny, J., Chojnicki, B. H., Zbierska, J., Staniszewski, R. & Zgola, T. (2006). Occurrence and variability of River Habitat Survey features across Europe and consequences for data collection and evaluation. Hydrobiologia, 566, 267-280. [ Links ]

Tavzes, B. & Urbanič, G. (2009). New indices for assessment of hydromorphological alteration of rivers and their evaluation with benthic invertebrate communities; Alpine case study. Review of Hydrobiology, 2, 133-161. [ Links ]

Townsend, C. R., Scarsbrook, M. R. & Doledec, S. (1997). The intermediate disturbance hypothesis, refugia, and biodiversity in streams. Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 938-949. [ Links ]

Trigal-Dominguez, C., Fernandez-Alaez, C. & Carcia-Criado, F. (2009). Habitat selection and sampling design for ecological assessment of heterogeneous ponds using macroinvertebrates. Aquatic Conservation, 19, 786-796. [ Links ]

Urbanič, G. (2014). Hydromorphological degradation impact on benthic invertebrates in large rivers in Slovenia. Hydrobiologia, 729, 191-207. [ Links ]

Williams, P., Whitfield, M., Biggs, J., Bray, S., Fox, G., Nicolet, P. & Sear, D. (2003). Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England. Biological Conservation, 115, 329-341. [ Links ]

Wyżga, B., Oglęcki, P., Pawlik, A. R., Skalski, T. & Zawiejska, J. (2012). Hydromorphological complexity as a driver of the diversity of benthic invertebrate communities in the Czarny Dunajec River, Polish Carpathians. Hydrobiologia, 696, 29-46. [ Links ]

Appendix.

A total of 82 invertebrate taxa were identified and the list shown below

Table A1 List of identified taxa. 

NO. Taxonomic group NO. Taxonomic group
Mollusca Gomphidae
Gastropoda 35 Sympetrum sp.
Melaniidae 36 Sinictinogomphus sp.
1 Semisulcospira cancellata 37 Gomphidia sp. 1
Viviparidae 38 Gomphidia sp. 2
2 Cipangopaludina chinensis 39 Stylogomphns sp.
3 Angulyagra polyzonata Libellulidae
4 Bellamya purificata 40 Crocothemis sp.
Hydrobiidae 41 Orthetrum sp.
5 Stenothyra glabra 42 Nannoph sp.
6 Bithynia misella 43 Tramea sp.
7 Bithynia fuchsiana Corduliidae
8 Parafossarulus striatulus 44 Somatochlo sp.
9 Alocinma longicornis Coleoptera
Lymnaeidae Haliplidae
10 Radix swinhoei 45 Peltodytes sp.
11 Radox plicatula 46 Haliplus sp.
Planorbidae 47 Brychius sp.
12 Gyraulus convexiusculus Dytiscidae
13 Hippeutis umbilicalis 48 Hydaticus sp.
Lamellibranchia 49 Coelambus sp.
Sphaeriidae 50 Platambus sp.
14 Sphaerium lacustre 51 Bidessus sp.
Corbiculidae 52 Eretes sticticus
15 Corbicula largillierti 53 Noterus sp.
Annelida 54 Chrysomelidae sp. 1
Hirudinea 55 Chrysomelidae sp. 2
Glossiphoniidae Hemiptera
16 Glossiphonia sp. 56 Corixidae sp.
Erpobdellidae 57 Micronecta sp.
17 Erpobdella sp. 58 Cymatia sp.
Hirudinidae 59 Pleidae sp
18 Whitmania sp. 60 Paraple Esaki and China
Oligochaeta 61 Naucoridae sp.
Tubificida Nepidae
19 Branchiura sp. 62 Ranatra sp.
20 Tubifex sp. Diptera (larva)
21 Limnodrilus sp. 63 Chironomidae sp.
Lumbriculidae 64 Chironomus sp.
22 Pachydrilus sp. 65 Parachironomus sp.
Naididae 66 Thienemanniola sp.
23 Nais sp. 67 Einfeldia sp.
Platyhelminthes 68 Polypedilum sp.
24 Turbellaria sp. 69 Rheotanytarsus sp.
Arthropoda Tanypodinae
Ephemerida (larva) 70 Procladius sp.
Neoephemeridae 71 Thalassomya sp.
25 Potamanthellus chinensis Orthocladiinae
Baetidae 72 Synorthocladius sp.
26 Cloeon sp. Culicidae
27 Baetis sp. 73 Anopheles sp.
Caenidae 74 Culex sp.
28 Caenis sinensis 75 Stratiomyidae sp.
Ephemeridae 76 Canaceidae sp.
29 Ephemera sp. 77 Athericidae sp.
Potamanthidae Tipulidae
30 Rhoenanthus hunanensis 78 Holorusia sp.
Odonata (larva) Lepidoptera
Lestidae Pyralidae
31 Indolestes sp. 79 Nymphula sp.
32 Sympecma sp. Decapoda
Platycnemididae Palaemonidae
33 Platycnemis sp. 80 Palaemon tokinnensis
34 Calopterygide sp. 81 Grapsidae sp.
Amphipoda
Gammaridae
82 Gammarus sp.

Received: December 18, 2018; Accepted: April 01, 2019

Baiyin Baoligao, baiyinblg@hotmail.com

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License