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Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales
versión impresa ISSN 2007-1132
Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales vol.7 no.35 México may./jun. 2016
Article
Xylem insect borers in commercial forest species in Costa Rica
1 Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Costa Rica.
Several insect families cause damage to the wood of standing trees, causing significant economic losses in commercial reforestation projects. Since 1984, the Costa Rica Institute of Technology has developed a national diagnosis of forest pests; in this study information concerning xylem borers of tree species is systematized. Damaged samples are collected and taken to the laboratory Sanidad Forestal del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica for adults directly or through their breeding form, which were identified in institutions specialized in insect taxonomy. Damage was recorded on 41 tree species, some of them of great importance in the programs of commercial reforestation in Costa Rica such as Acacia mangium, Alnus acuminata, Bombacopsis quinata, Cordia alliodora, Cupressus lusitanica, Gmelina arborea, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp. and Vochysia guatemalensis. Also other effects caused by 84 taxa of insect borers included in 12 entomological families were identified: 36 % Cerambycidae, 29 % Curculionidae, 10 % Scolitinae, 25 % Hepialidae and on others. However, mortality has not been reported from the activity of these borers, but they do drastically affect the quality of wood, and for that reason, should be considered as pests of great impact on forestry in the country.
Key words: Cerambycidae; Hepialidae; borers; forest plantations; Scolitinae; xylem
Insectos de varias familias producen daños a la madera de árboles en pie, lo que causa importantes pérdidas económicas en proyectos de reforestación comercial. Desde 1984, en el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica se ha elaborado el diagnóstico nacional de plagas forestales. Al respecto, en este estudio se sistematiza la información referente a los barrenadores del xilema. Las muestras dañadas se recolectaron y llevaron al laboratorio de Sanidad Forestal del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica para obtener los adultos en forma directa o mediante crianza; los cuales fueron identificados en instituciones por especialistas en taxonomía de insectos. Se registraron daños en 41 especies arbóreas, algunas de ellas son de gran importancia en los programas de reforestación comercial en Costa Rica como: Acacia mangium, Alnus acuminata, Bombacopsis quinata, Cordia alliodora, Cupressus lusitanica, Gmelina arborea, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp. y Vochysia guatemalensis. Asimismo, se identificaron 84 especies de insectos barrenadores comprendidas en 12 familias entomológicas: 36 % Cerambycidae, 29 % Curculionidae: Scolitinae, 10 % Hepialidae y 25 % otras. Sin embargo, no se informa de mortalidad causada por estos barrenadores, pero sí que afectan drásticamente la calidad de la madera, y por tal razón, deben ser considerados como plagas de gran impacto en la actividad forestal del país.
Palabras clave: Cerambycidae; Hepialidae; insectos barrenadores; plantaciones forestales; Scolitinae; xilema
Introducción
Several insect families damage the wood of standing trees, causing significant economic losses in commercial reforestation projects (Arguedas, 2004a; Evans et al., 2007). These organisms obtain sustenance and shelter in wood, or use it only as a place to live and rarely induce tree death; feeding causes serious degradation of wood; in addition, the outlets can serve as entry points for infection-causing pathogens and fungal decay (Cibrián et al., 1995; Wagner et al., 2008). Some tree species respond to attack by insects such as bulges, cracks on the site of the attack or flare-ups; however, the greatest damage results from the galleries built in the sapwood and heartwood. Since 1984, the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica has developed a national diagnosis of forest pests; in this study information concerning xylem borers is systematized.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in all the land area of Costa Rica, corresponding to 51 100 km2 (Hammel et al., 2004). Costa Rica is located at 08°02’26”and 1°1’12” north and 82°33’48” and 85°57’57’’ west (IGN, 2005) between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; it is in the Neotropics, which has a tropical climate with rainfall and average annual temperatures ranging from 1 500 mm to 4 000 mm and from 8 °C to 32 °C, respectively (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 2014).
The material was obtained from forest plantations, agroforestry projects and urban trees. The form of sampling depended on the size of the causal agents; for those very small as Curculionidae, adults were collected directly from the trunk cross cuts; for large ones, from the affected parts of the trunk and they were raised in the Laboratorio de Sanidad Forestal of the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica in brood chambers or traps which were placed in the outlets of the galeries, to catch adults when they emerged. Cameras and traps were constructed with metal sieve. At least 30 adult individuals per species were obtained and which were set up according to international standards (Elzinga, 2004; Chacón and Montero, 2007); they were delivered to specialists from the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (InBIO) and of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica for identification. The information generated in the period 1984 to 2015 was systematized by family and entomological forest species.
Results
During the 21 years included in this research, damages were recorded in 41 forest species, caused by 84 taxa of borer insects (Table 1), which belong to 12 families (Figure 1).
Table 1 Borer insect species by host, Costa Rica (1984-2015).
a. The abbreviations refer to the following orders: Col (Coleoptera), Dip (Diptera), Hym (Hymenoptera), Iso (Isoptera), Lep (Lepidoptera).
b. When no reference is stated, they are records made after the studies quoted in them.
c. References: Arguedas, 1996; 2 = Arguedas, 2001; 3 = Arguedas, 2004a; 4 = Arguedas, 2004b; 5 = Arguedas, 2006; 6 = Arguedas, 2007; 7 = Arguedas, 2008a; 8 = Arguedas, 2008b; 9 = Arguedas, 2008c; 10 = Arguedas et al., 1997; 11 = Arguedas et al., 2004; 12 = Arguedas et al., 2013; 13 = Arguedas et al., 2015; 14 = Arguedas y Chaverri, 1999; 15 = Arguedas y Quirós, 1995; 16 = Arguedas y Quirós, 1997; 17 = Arias y Arguedas, 2004; 18 = CATIE, 1991a; 19 = CATIE, 1991b; 20 = Ford, 1981; 21 = Ford, 1986; 22 = Hilje et al., 1991; 23 = Janzen 1991; 24 = Macías et al., 2004; 25 = Macías et al., 2005
The Cerambycidae family grouped 36 % of the taxa. They are very important in forestry because they can build galleries in wood or standing trees freshly cut at their different stages; for example: Steirastoma histronicum White, in Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand; Brasilianus mexicanus Thomson, in Astronium graveolens Jacq.; Plagiohammus spenipennis Thomson and Neoclytus cacicus Chevrolat, in Tectona grandis L.f. The species of this family are considered one of the most harmful in the world ( Grégoire and Evans, 2007; Evans et al., 2007; Slipinski and Escalona, 2013).
Curculionidae (29 %) was represented by the Scolitinae subfamily, insects that cause biting and stains on wood: Xyleborus vochysiae Kirkendall, in Vochysia ferruginea Mart. (Espinoza and Arguedas, 2005; Kirkendall, 2006); and 10 % were Hepialidae: Aepytus sp., in Gmelina arborea Roxb. and Bombacopsis quinata, and Phassus triangularis Edwards, in Alnus acuminata Kunth and Fraxinus uhdei. (Wenz.) Lingelsh. Los hepiálidos causan daños de gran impacto; sin embargo, de los registrados en Costa Rica se tiene muy poca información. Hepialidae cause damage of great impact; however, very little information is registered in Costa Rica.
Other borers with high economic importance are Cossula sp. (Cossidae Family), in Terminalia ssp., Euchroma gigantea Linnaeus (Buprestidae Family), in Bombacopsis quinata; Coptotermes testaceus Linnaeus (Rhinotermitidae Family), in Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis; as well, the wood borer fly, Pantophthalmus sp. (Pantophthalmidae Family), in Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemão, recorded in 2014 (Arguedas et al., 2015) (Figure 2).
A. Brasilianus mexicanus en Astronium graveolens; Plagiohammus spenipennis; B. Neoclytus cacicus; C. Tectona grandis; D. Aepytus sp. en Gmelina arborea; E. Phassus triangularis in Fraxinus uhdei; F. Euchroma gigantea in Bombacopsis quinata; G. Coptotermes testaceus in Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis; H. Cossula sp. in Terminalia; species; Pantophthalmus sp. on Hieronyma alchoneoides.
Figure 2 Main xylem borer insect species in Costa Rica.
The economic impact of each borer species is based on the following factors: a) economic importance of the host; b) condition of the host; c) field of hosts; d) development of the host state at the time of the attack; e) specific part of the damaged tree; and f) severity of damage (modified from Wagner et al., 2008).
Conclusion
In 41 forest species, 84 xylem borer insect species were identified; from which, according to their importance in commercial reforestation programs in Costa Rica, the following are outstanding: Acacia mangium Alnus acuminata, Bombacopsis quinata, Cordia alliodora, Cupressus lusitanica, Gmelina arborea, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp. and Vochysia guatemalensis. There are no records of mortality caused by these insects up to date; however, they drastically affect the quality of wood and, thus, they should be considered as pests of great impact on forestry in Costa Rica.
Contribution by author
Marcela Arguedas Gamboa: collection of field materials and breeding of specimens from 1984 to 2013, as well as structuring and writing of the manuscript; María Rodríguez Solís: collection of field materials and breeding of specimens from 2013 to 2015, systematization of data and writing of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Vice-Rector of Investigación y Extensión and to the Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal of the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica for the time and resources allocated to the researchers to carry out this work.
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Received: December 05, 2015; Accepted: April 11, 2016
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
