SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.12 número2Análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (AIB) en la producción animal. RevisiónSuplementación de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en el empadre de ovejas nulíparas Katahdin: eficiencia reproductiva y crecimiento pre-destete de las crías índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • No hay artículos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias

versión On-line ISSN 2448-6698versión impresa ISSN 2007-1124

Rev. mex. de cienc. pecuarias vol.12 no.2 Mérida abr./jun. 2021  Epub 15-Nov-2021

https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v12i2.5623 

Technical notes

Chemical and biological additives in high moisture triticale silages: Nutritional value and ingestive behavior in sheep

Valter H. Bumbieris Juniora 

Egon H. Horsta  * 

Murilo D. Paranzinia 

Odimári P. P. Calixtoa 

Edson L. A. Ribeiroa 

Leandro D. F. Silvaa 

Ivone Y. Mizubutia 

Clóves C. Jobimb 

Mikael Neumannc 

a State University of Londrina, Center of Animal Science - Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.

b State University of Maringá, Center of Animal Science, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.

c Midwestern Parana State University, Departament of Veterinary, Guarapuava, Parná, Brazil.


Abstract

Triticale high moisture grain triticale silage is an excellent option for ruminant diets, but loss control during its fermentation process should be further investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical and biological additives on high moisture triticale silages under chemical-bromatological composition, aerobic stability, and in vivo digestibility and ingestive behavior in sheep. The treatments were: high moisture triticale silage without additive (HMTC); high moisture triticale silage with enzyme-bacterial inoculant (HMTEB); high moisture triticale silage with 0.5 % urea in natural matter (HMTU); and high moisture triticale silage with 1.5 % sodium benzoate in natural matter (HMTSB). Four sheep were housed in appropriate metabolic cages according to the ethical principles of animal experimentation. The addition of urea as additive to high moisture triticale silage provided an increase in crude protein and ammoniacal silage (189.7 and 106.2 g kg MS-1, respectively) but did not affect digestibility (699.6 g kg MS-1 for HMTU, with a general average of treatments of 687.5 g kg MS-1) and ingestive behavior of sheep. Fiber consumption by sheep increased with the addition of the enzyme-bacterial additive in the silage (431.87 versus 388.06 g d-1 of FDN for HMTEB and HMTC, respectively). All additives helped to preserve crude protein contents after silo opening, but none interfered in aerobic stability time of silage.

Key words Sodium benzoate; Nutritional quality; Aerobic stability; Enzyme-bacterial inoculant; Urea

Resumen

El ensilaje de triticale de grano con alto contenido de humedad es una excelente opción para las dietas de rumiantes. Sin embargo, falta información sobre el control de pérdidas durante el proceso de fermentación. Se hizo una evaluación sobre los efectos de los aditivos químicos y biológicos a ensilajes de triticale de alta humedad en la composición química-bromatológica, la estabilidad aeróbica, la digestibilidad in vivo y el comportamiento de ingesta en ovinos. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: ensilaje de triticale sin aditivo (control); ensilaje con un inoculante enzimático-bacteriano; ensilaje con 0.5% de urea en materia natural; y ensilaje con benzoato de sodio al 1.5% en materia natural. El comportamiento de ingesta se evaluó con cuatro ovejas macho en jaulas metabólicas. La adición de urea como aditivo proporcionó un aumento en el contenido de la proteína cruda (189.7 g kg MS-1) y el nitrógeno amoniacal (106.2 g kg MS-1), pero no afectó la digestibilidad (699.6 g kg MS-1 en tratamiento con urea, promedio = 687.5 g kg MS-1) ni el comportamiento de ingesta. El consumo de fibra aumentó con la adición del aditivo enzimático-bacteriano (431.87 vs 388.06 g d-1 fibra detergente neutra en el control). Todos los aditivos ayudaron a preservar el contenido de proteína cruda después de la apertura del silo, pero ninguno interfirió en el tiempo de estabilidad aeróbica del ensilado.

Palabras clave Benzoato de sodio; Calidad nutrimental; Estabilidad aeróbica; Inoculante enzimático-bacteriano; Urea

High moisture triticale silage shows potential for substitution or supplementation in ruminant diets, mainly because it has higher solubility of the starch1 and higher levels of lysine2 when compared to maize. However, the high epiphytic concentration of yeast present in the triticale grain3 favors nutrient losses and decrease the aerobic stability of silage after silo opening. Linked to this, the use of chemical additives, such as sodium benzoate and urea, have been tested for control of these deteriorating microorganisms and consequent maintenance of food quality.

Sodium benzoate has been tested for quality control of silages in low doses, due to concerns about possible sterilization of the food, which would impair its fermentation process4. However, these claims are contradicted by other authors5. Under the same view, Jobim et al6 reported that addition of urea to silage of high moisture corn silages reduced dry matter losses and increased aerobic stability, but information on high moisture triticale silages is still scarce.

In order to alleviate losses and increase the aerobic stability of silages, the use of bacterial inoculants, with or without enzymes, has become the objective of several studies7,8, however, according to Bernardes et al4 results that existing are inconclusive. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different chemical and one biological additives containing fibrolytic enzymes in the high moisture triticale silages under chemical-bromatological composition, aerobic stability, nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior in sheep.

The harvest of triticale grains (X. Triticosecale Wittmack cv. IPR 111) for silage production occurred when they reached approximately 30 % humidity. Soon after harvest the grains were crushed in 8 mm sieves, adding the additives according to the defined treatments. The treatments were: high moisture triticale silage without additive (HMTC); high moisture triticale silage with enzyme-bacterial inoculant (HMTEB); high moisture triticale silage with 0.5 % urea in natural matter (HMTU); and high moisture triticale silage with 1.5 % sodium benzoate in natural matter (HMTSB).

Twenty-four (24) polyethylene pails with a capacity of 4.5 L were used as experimental silos. The mean compaction density was 1,067 kg of MV m-3. The silos were stored for 11 mo until opening. The enzyme-bacterial inoculant used was Silotrato®, composed of Lactobacillus curvatus, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. buchneri, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus lactis at concentrations of 109 CFU g-1 and 4% of complex enzymatically based on cellulase. The application was made with the additive diluted in non-chlorinated water at a concentration of 4.3 g L-1, according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The chemical additives, urea and sodium benzoate, were homogenized to the triticale grains manually after processing. In order to exclude the effect of the addition of water in the silage with enzyme-bacterial inoculant, in the others also it was included pure water in the same volume.

For the chemical-bromatological evaluation of the silages, a completely randomized design with four replicates was used, and the buffer capacity (BM), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), hydrogenation potential (pH), dry matter organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (FDA). The determination of ammoniacal nitrogen and buffer capacity was performed using the technique described by Playne and McDonald9. The pH values were determined according to Cherney and Cherney10. The contents of dry matter, organic matter and ethereal extract according to AOAC11. Neutral and acid detergent fiber according to Van Soest12 methodology.

Aerobic stability was evaluated 340 d after silo sealing. Samples of 1.0 kg of each replicate were placed in polypropylene containers coated with plastic bag and conditioned in an environment with uncontrolled temperature. Silage temperatures were measured twice a day at 0900 and 1500 h for 7 d, with a thermometer inserted at 10 cm in the center of the mass. Loss of aerobic stability was defined as the time required for the silage to rise 2 °C relative to room temperature13. From another container set, representing each replicate, daily samples were taken for pH, DM and CP determination. The design was a completely randomized design with three replications, in a scheme of subdivided plots, where the factors attributed to the plots were the silages and to the subplot the exposure time to the air.

The silages used to feed the sheep followed the same manufacturing procedures described above, and were stored in 16 concrete silos with a capacity of 250 L. In the evaluation of the ingestive behavior and apparent digestibility of nutrients, the method of total fecal collection was used, for which four castrated male sheep with an average weight of 25 kg were housed in appropriate metabolic cages equipped with a drinking fountain and individual feeders and mineral mixers. Procedures were adopted in accordance with the ethical principles of animal experimentation, approved by the Committee of Ethics in Animal Experimentation of the State University of Londrina, according to document number 26014.2012.79.

The evaluations with sheep were conducted in a 4x4 Latin square design, with four treatments and four periods. Each collection period lasted 5 d and preceded 10 d of adaptation. The diets maintained a roughage-concentrate ratio of 50:50, formulated solely with the foods described in Table 1, according to requirements of the NRC14 for weaned sheep category with daily average gain of 300 g. As a bulky source out used Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers) chopped and supplied as mixed feed.

Table 1 Chemical-bromatological composition of Coast-cross hay and diets containing high moisture triticale silages with different additives and hay in the 50:50 ratio 

Diet Hay
HMTC HMTEB HMTU HMTSB
DM, g kg FM-1 780.3 793.9 787.8 789.3 823.2
CP, g kg DM-1 158.5 154.8 177.1 154.2 129.7
EE, g kg DM-1 19.1 20.3 19.3 18.5 11.7
NDF, g kg DM-1 433.5 441.8 436.1 441.1 677.1
ADF, g kg DM-1 228.8 233.8 231.1 230.9 337.7
MM, g kg DM-1 49.5 49.9 49.2 51.7 83.8
OM, g kg DM-1 950.6 950.1 950.9 948.4 -

HMTC= control; HMTEB= enzyme-bacterial inoculant; HMTU= urea; HMTSB= sodium benzoate; DM= Dry matter; CP= Crude protein; EE= Ethereal extract; NDF= Neutral detergent fiber; FDA= Acid detergent fiber; MM= Mineral matter; MO= Organic matter.

The animals were fed twice a day at 0800 and 1700 h with water and mineral salt ad libitum. At the beginning of each period the animals were weighed considering the average weight for the calculation of the metabolic size.

The feces of each animal were collected twice a day, by means of collection bags, and weighed. A subsample of 20 % of the total was stored in a freezer at -20 °C, as well as subsamples of food supplied and leftovers. For the laboratory analyzes, the subsamples were pooled to form samples composed by animal, treatment and period. The digestibility coefficients of the different diets were obtained using the system of equations cited by Silva and Leão15. Chemical and bromatological analyzes of high moisture triticale silages, total diet, leftovers and feces included dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid.

On the last day of each period the animals were observed for 24 h to investigate the ingestive behavior16, where each observation consisted of five-minute intervals17. The behaviors evaluated were ingestion of solids (IS), water intake (WI), mineral salt intake (MSI), standing rumination (SR), lying rumination (LR), standing leisure (SL), lying leisure (LL) and atypical behavior (AB). In addition to these parameters, the number of chewing chews (CHEWS), the duration of ruminal cycle (DUR) and the number of chewing chews per second (CHEWS / S) were also evaluated.

Data relating to chemical and bromatological composition of silages and experimental rations, animal performance and ingestive behavior had their means compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance by were submitted to the Tukey test at 5% significance by the GLM procedure of the SAS program (2001 The results of the aerobic stability were submitted to the regression analysis by program R (2013).

The addition of urea caused a significant increase in the ammoniacal nitrogen contents of high moisture triticale silage (Table 2). This increase is due to the solubilization of urea in the presence of urease, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia, and this increase provided a higher buffer capacity of the ensiled mass, but did not differ from the control silage (364.2 and 323.3 meq NaOH 100g MS-1, respectively). Crude protein content was also higher (P<0.05) in urea added silage (189.7 g kg MS-1), which is a source of non-protein nitrogen.

Table 2 Chemical and bromatological composition, pH and buffer capacity of high moisture triticale silages with different additives (g kg DM-1

Silage Average CV P
HMTC HMTEB HMTU HMTSB
DM, g kg FM-1 686.9 714.1 702.0 704.9 701.9 2.93 0.2208
CP 172.6b 165.2b 189.7a 164.0b 172.9 3.21 <0.0001
EE 16.0 18.5 16.4 14.9 16.5 13.72 0.2286
NDF 109.3 126.0 114.5 124.5 118.6 10.70 0.3081
ADF 39.1 49.0 43.6 43.3 43.7 15.85 0.4390
MM 19.6b 20.5ab 19.0b 24.0a 20.8 8.20 0.0092
OM 980.4a 979.5ab 981.0a 976.0b 919.2 0.17 0.0092
pH 4.50c 4.35c 4.84b 5.67a 4.84 1.30 <0.0001
N-NH3, % N total 58.7b 46.4b 106.2a 42.1b 63.4 17.07 <0.0001
BC, meq NaOH 100g DM-1 323.3ab 294.1b 364.2a 216.7c 299.6 6.25 <0.0001

HMTC= control; HMTEB= enzyme-bacterial inoculant; HMTU= urea; HMTSB= sodium benzoate; DM= Dry matter; CP= Crude protein; EE= Ethereal extract; NDF= Neutral detergent fiber; FDA= Acid detergent fiber; MM= Mineral matter; MO= Organic matter; N-NH3: Ammoniac nitrogen; BC= Buffer capacity.

ab Means followed by different letters, in the line, differ (P<0.05).

The above mentioned fermentation alterations provided higher pH of the urea treated silage in relation to the control silage (4.84 and 4.50, respectively), but lower than that found in silage supplemented with sodium benzoate. The justification for the silage with sodium benzoate had high pH value and low buffer capacity, would be the pKa of lactic acid. Bernardes et al4 affirm that when pH values are higher than pKa, the efficiency of the acid in the solution is reduced because the acid form decreases and the ionized form predominates.

When compared than control silage, it was observed that the addition of enzyme-bacterial inoculant did not alter the chemical-bromatological composition (Table 2), and as described by Bernardes et al4, the addition of inoculants with homo and heterofermentative bacteria does not seem to influence the aerobic stability of the same (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Value of pH during the aerobic stability test 

When evaluating high moisture silages of different winter grains, some researchers found higher content of acetic and propionic acid in the high moisture triticale18. In agreement, Ni et al3 cited by Leão et al19 affirm that there is a predominance of heterofermentative bacteria in the epiphytic community of this species, which could, according to the same authors, left the prolonged aerobic stability of silage.

Figure 1 shows the average pH of the high moisture triticale silage during the aerobic stability evaluation period. Although there is no difference between the treatments, it is possible to observe a constant increase of pH due to the consumption of organic acids.

None of treatments showed a temperature increase above 2 °C compared to the ambient temperature during the entire aerobic exposure period (Table 3), which is a good indicator of deterioration control13. On the seventh day all silages reached their maximum temperature, being this a consequence of the microbiological development priority. This temperature oscillation observed in silages follows the behavior of ambient temperature, counteracting a possible gradual increase constant and independent of external environment.

Table 3 Ambient temperature and temperature averages (°C) of high moisture triticale silages with different additives during aerobic exposure 

Silage Days of aerobic exposure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HMTC 28.83 28.35 29.02 29.13 27.45 28.83 30.28
HMTEB 28.92 27.92 28.45 28.57 26.93 28.30 29.73
HMTU 28.92 28.17 28.72 28.93 27.27 28.30 30.02
HMTSB 28.58 27.97 28.57 28.70 27.08 28.23 30.03
Ambient
temperature
27.10 28.10 28.15 27.30 27.20 30.25 29.80

HMTC= control; HMTEB= enzyme-bacterial inoculant; HMTU= urea; HMTSB= High sodium benzoate.

The high density of compaction reached in the silos may have been a determining factor for good apparent control of deterioration; this favors that the yeast population is reduced during the anaerobiosis phase of the silo, providing a more stable food when exposed to oxygen20.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of dry matter and crude protein during days of aerobic exposure. In relation to dry matter there was interaction between silages and days of aerobic exposure. Note the quadratic behavior for control silage (a), linear for silage with enzyme-bacterial additive (b), and cubic for silages treated with urea (c) and sodium benzoate (d).

HMTC= control (a); HMTEB= enzyme-bacterial inoculant (b)= HMTU: urea (c); HMTSB= sodium benzoate (d).

Figure 2 Dry matter (dotted line) and crude protein (solid line) contents of high moisture triticale silages with different additives during aerobic exposure 

Both control (a) and sodium benzoate (d) silages showed a more abrupt fall from the fourth day of aerobic exposure, whereas silage with enzyme-bacterial inoculant (b) had a linear decrease (R2= 0.8421) in the dry matter contents from the opening of the silo. This decrease in dry matter contents in silages with bacterial additives has been shown to be common in the aerobic stability studies, suggesting that losses of the same. These losses are due to the reduction in the concentration of acetate21, which is a potent antifungal, and the increase in lactate concentration, which is a growth substrate for yeasts. Wilkinson and Davies22 still point out that for each molecule of acetic acid formed, an equivalent molecule of carbon dioxide is produced, increasing dry matter losses.

The initial rapid decrease in dry matter contents of urea silage (c) may be due to the evaporation of ammonia formed in larger amounts (Table 2) during the fermentation process of this treatment.

The increase in the dry matter content observed in the first days of silage treated with sodium benzoate (d) indicates a loss of humidity for the environment. Furthermore, this type of additive is characterized by hindering the development of yeasts, delaying the onset of deterioration5. Similar behavior was described in sugarcane silage with this same additive23. In relation to crude protein content, trend lines indicate increasing linear behavior for all silages that were added, which is a dilution reflex, where consumption of carbohydrates is mainly observed, increasing the concentration of other constituents in dry matter. However, control silage showed an opposite behavior, with decrease in crude protein content during the days of aerobic exposure, suggesting that there was degradation by molds, which act at higher pH and consume more complex components24.

Studies about dry matter losses of silages after silo opening are widely diffused in the scientific field7, but it is not possible to say in relation to each specific constituent, and a larger number of researches on the subject to come to a more precise conclusion.

The data in Table 4 show that nutrient intake present significant difference only for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber when expressed in grams per day, where the highest intakes were recorded for the animals fed with silage with enzyme-bacterial additive. The explanation for this result may not be directly related to the treatment, however, it is possible that bacteria present in inoculant altered ruminal environment, allowing greater consumption. The improvement in fiber intake with the use of an enzyme-bacterial inoculant is contradictory among the authors. In review, Oliveira et al7 concluded that the divergences in results may be related, among other factors, to the different variations of the inoculant used, and also of the diet. Just like McCuistion et al25, with the addition of cellulase containing inoculant, it was expected that the fiber would be better utilized, which was not observed since it is a food with low contents of this component.

Table 4 Nutrient intake of diets containing high moisture triticale silages with different additives (g day-1

Diet Average CV, % P
HMTC HMTEB HMTU HMTSB
DMI 975.78 1056.15 954.12 957.75 985.95 7.33 0.2569
CPI 156.51 164.47 163.66 147.41 158.01 7.73 0.2688
EEI 19.49 22.23 19.73 18.36 19.95 14.95 0.3876
NDFI 388.06b 431.87a 383.64 b 381.76 b 396.33 5.33 0.0435
ADFI 211.46ab 232.54a 208.28b 203.55b 213.95 4.42 0.0197
OMI 927.66 1003.84 908.26 908.97 937.18 7.36 0.2599

HMTC= control; HMTEB= enzyme-bacterial inoculant; HMTU= urea; HMTSB= sodium benzoate; DMI= Dry matter intake; CPI= Crude protein intake; EEI= Ethereal extract; NDFI= Neutral detergent fiber intake; ADFI= Acid detergent fiber intake; OMI= Organic matter intake.

ab Means followed by different letters, in the line, differ (P<0.05).

In general, nutrient and dry matter digestibility of high moisture triticale silage were not affected (P>0.05; Table 5) by the addition of no additives, however, all diets showed dry matter digestibility compatible with high moisture corn and sorghum silage, which are the reference foods for this variable26,27. However, both digestibility values of organic matter and crude protein were lower than those described for the same feed (891 and 907 g kg DM-1, respectively)18.

Table 5 Apparent digestibility of nutrients from diets containing high moisture triticale silages with different additives (g kg DM-1

Diet Average CV P
HMTC HMTEB HMTU HMTSB
DMD 679.6 687.4 699.6 683.4 687.5 2.01 0.2898
CPD 707.5 715.2 703.6 689.7 711.5 2.67 0.0823
EED 770.9 782.5 768.6 769.0 772.7 3.97 0.9035
NDFD 548.3 568.4 549.3 551.9 554.5 6.78 0.8583
ADFD 578.4 597.5 607.4 602.2 596.4 7.32 0.8012
OMD 706.8 710.4 721.0 710.6 712.2 1.95 0.5515

HMTC= control; HMTEB= enzyme-bacterial inoculant; HMTU= urea; HMTSB= sodium benzoate; DMD= Dry matter digestibility; CPD= Crude protein digestibility; EED= Ethereal extract digestibility; NDFD= Fiber in neutral detergent digestibility; ADFD= Fiber in acid detergent digestibility; OMD= Organic matter digestibility.

Ingestive behavior is a good parameter for the evaluation of any food27, since often the acquired chemical or fermentative benefits are not reflected at the time of feeding.

The data in Table 6 show that none of the variables related to ingestive behavior of sheep presented significance between the treatments. Longer water intake time was expected for animals fed silage with sodium benzoate, in view presence of sodium of the additive itself, which was not observed. It should be noted that in this study water consumption was not measured. Kozloski et al28 observed that ingestion of sheep may be affected by dietary protein, but that there was no difference when protein source was urea, as in the present study.

Table 6 Ingestive behavior of sheep fed with a diet containing high moisture triticale silage with different additives 

Diet Average P
HMTC HMTEB HMTU HMTSB
CHEWS 78.73 84.69 79.35 79.71 80.62 0.3716
DUR, sec cycle-1 56.29 59.94 57.52 57.06 57.70 0.4289
CHEWS S-1 1.40 1.41 1.38 1.40 1.40 0.6047
WI, min d-1 2.19 4.06 2.19 3.75 3.05 0.7490
IS, min d-1 57.50 55.00 53.75 52.50 54.69 0.8895
MSI, min d-1 5.31 3.75 3.13 6.65 4.71 0.1597
SR, min d-1 7.81 6.25 6.88 5.31 6.56 0.7381
LR, min d-1 141.56 148.75 147.50 132.50 142.58 0.4305
SL, min d-1 43.75 42.19 40.94 45.93 43.20 0.8783
LL, min d-1 99.69 97.81 102.81 109.00 102.34 0.6623
AB, min d-1 2.19 2.19 2.81 4.36 2.89 0.5053

HMTC= Control; HMTEB= Enzyme-bacterial inoculant; HMTU= Urea; HMTSB= Sodium benzoate; CHEWS= Number of chewing chews; DUR= Duration of the rumination cycle; CHEWS S-1= Number of chewing chews per second; WI= Water intake; IS= Ingestion of solids; MSI= mineral salt intake; SR= Standing rumination; LR= lying rumination; SL= Standing leisure; LL= Lying leisure; AB: atypical behavior.

The fibrolytic action of some enzymes present in certain additives leads to a reduction in the silage fiber content, which may increase the feed intake of the animals27. However, this report did not show this difference in the constitution of fibers (Table 1) and consequently ingestion.

Very expressive effects were not observed with the addition of the studied additives on the chemical-chemical composition, aerobic stability, digestibility of nutrients and ingestive behavior in sheep. Can be highlight the addition of urea as a high moisture triticale additive for promoting increased silage crude protein content.

Literature cited

1. Moeinoddini HR, Alikhani M, Ahmadi F, Ghorbani GR. Rezamand P. Partial replacement of triticale for corn grain in starter diet and its effects on performance, structural growth and blood metabolites of Holstein calves. Animal 2017;11:61-67. [ Links ]

2. Zhu F. Triticale: Nutritional composition and food uses. Food Chem 2018;241:468-479. [ Links ]

3. Ni K, Wang Y, Cai Y, Pang H. Natural lactic acid bacteria population and silage fermentation of whole-crop wheat. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015;28:1123-1132. [ Links ]

4. Bernardes TF, Reis RA, Siqueira GR, Amaral RC, Pires AJP. Estabilidade aeróbia da ração total e de silagens de capim-marandu tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos. Rev Bras Zootec 2007;36:754-762. [ Links ]

5. Knicky M, Spörndly R. The ensiling capability of a mixture of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite. J Dairy Sci 2011;94:824-831. [ Links ]

6. Jobim CC, Lombardi L, Macedo FAFD, Branco AF. Silagens de grãos de milho puro e com adição de grãos de soja, de girassol ou uréia. Pesqu Agropecu Bras 2008;43:649-656. [ Links ]

7. Oliveira MR, Jobim CC, Neumann M, Bueno AVI, Leão GFM, Daniel JLD. Effects of inoculation with homolactic bacteria on the conservation of wheat silage stored in bunker-silos. Ital J Anim Sci 2018;17:81-86. [ Links ]

8. Jondreville C, Genthon C, Bouguennec A, Carre B, Nys Y. Characterization of European varieties of triticale with special emphasis on the ability of plant phytase to improve phytate phosphorus availability to chickens. Br Poult Sci 2007;48:678-689. [ Links ]

9. Playne MJ, McDonald P. The buffering constituents of herbage and silage. J Sci Food Agric 1996;17:262-268. [ Links ]

10. Cherney JH, Cherney DJR . Assessing silage quality. In: Buxtou DR, Muck RE, Harisson JH. Silage science and technology. Madison. 2003;141-198. [ Links ]

11. Official Methods of Analysis. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Gaithersburg (MD): AOAC International. Official Methods 934. 01, 942.05. 1990. [ Links ]

12. Van Soest PJ. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2. ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1994. [ Links ]

13. Taylor CC, Kung Junior L. The effect Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture corn in laboratory silos. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:1526-1532. [ Links ]

14. NRC. Nutrient requirements of sheep 6th ed. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1985. [ Links ]

15. Silva CJF, Leão MI. Fundamentos de Nutrição de Ruminantes. Piracicaba: Ed. Livroceres; 1979. [ Links ]

16. Johnson TR, Combs DK. Effects of prepartum diet, inert rumen bulk, and dietary polythylene glicol on dry matter intake of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1991;74:933-944. [ Links ]

17. Carvalho GGP, Pires AJV, Silva RR, Carvalho BMA, Silva HGO, Carvalho, LM. Aspectos metodológicos do comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com capim-elefante amonizado e subprodutos agroindustriais. Rev Bras Zootec 2007;36:1105-1112. [ Links ]

18. Pieper R, Hackl W, Korn U, Zeyner A, Souffrant B, Pieper B. Effects of ensiling triticale, barley and wheat grains at different moisture content and addition of Lactobacillus plantarum (DSMZ 8866 and 8862) on fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility in pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011;164:96-105. [ Links ]

19. Leão GFM, Jobim CC, Neumann M, Horst EH, Santos SKD, Venancio BJ, et al. Nutritional composition and aerobic stability of winter cereal silage at different storage times. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2017;39:131-136. [ Links ]

20. Tabacco E, Piano S, Revello-Chion A, Borreani G. Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri LN4637 and Lactobacillus buchneri LN40177 on the aerobic stability, fermentation products, and microbial populations of corn silage under farm conditions. J Dairy Sci 2011;90:928-936. [ Links ]

21. Silva VP, Pereira OG, Leandro E, Silva T, Ribeiro K, Mantovani H, et al. Effects of lactic acid bacteria with bacteriocinogenic potential on the fermentation profile and chemical composition of alfalfa silage in tropical conditions. J Dairy Sci 2016;99:1895-1902. [ Links ]

22. Wilkinson JM, Davies DR. The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments. Grass Forage Sci 2012;68:1-19. [ Links ]

23. Pedroso ADF, Nussio LG, Loures DRS, Paziani SDF, Ribeiro JL, Mari LJ, et al. Fermentation, losses, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages treated with chemical or bacterial additives. Sci Agric 2008;65:589-594. [ Links ]

24. Nout MR. Rich nutrition from the poorest-Cereal fermentations in Africa and Asia. Food Microbiol 2009;26:685-692. [ Links ]

25. McCuistion K, Foste JL, Schuster G, Wester D, Lopez Z, Umphres AM et al. Forage mass, nutritive value, and in situ degradation of sorghum silage treated with fibrolytic enzymes. Crop Forage Turfgrass Manag 2017;3:182-194. [ Links ]

26. Costa FMJ, Júnior GD, Zacaroni OF, Santos JF, Pereira RAN, Pereira MN. Silagem de grãos úmidos de milho de textura dura ou macia em dietas com polpa cítrica para vacas em lactação. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoot 2014;66:203-210. [ Links ]

27. Ribeiro ELA, Mizubuti IY, Silva LDF, Paiva FHP, Sousa CL, Castro, FAB. Desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça de cordeiros confinados submetidos a diferentes frequências de alimentação. Rev Bras Zootec 2011;40:892-898. [ Links ]

28. Kozloski GV, Cadorin Júnior RL, Harter CJ, Oliveira L, Alves TP, Mesquita FR et al. Effect of suplemental nitrogen source and feeding frequency on nutrient supply to lambs fed a kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) hay-based diet. Small Ruminant Res 2009;81:112-118. [ Links ]

Received: February 20, 2020; Accepted: August 04, 2020

*Corresponding author: egonhh@yahoo.com.br

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License