Origin

Fuertemayo F2016 is a variety of bread wheat released by the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP, for its acronym in Spanish). The experimental line that gave rise to the variety was obtained by the Bread Wheat Program of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT, for its acronym in Spanish). A simple cross was made between the line ND643/2*WBLL1 and the variety Villa Juárez F2009 and its genealogy is: ND643/2*WBLL1//VILLA JUAREZ.

The simple cross was made in Obregon City, Sonora, in the autumn-winter cycle (A-W), A-W/2008-2009 (CMSS08Y00233S) and was sown in its F₁ generation in El Batán, Texcoco, State of Mexico, in the S-S/2009 cycle, that population was harvested massively and gave rise to the F₂ generation, which was sown in Obregon City, Sonora, in the A-W/2009-2010 cycle and an indefinite number of selections (099Y) were harvested massively. The F₃ generation was evaluated in Atizapán, State of Mexico, in the spring-summer (S-S) cycle, S-S/2010, also selecting and massively harvesting an indefinite number of selected plants (099M).

The F₄ was established in Kenya at the Njoro Experiment Station to be evaluated for resistance to the stem rust race Ug99 in the S-S/2011 cycle and an indefinite number of selections (099NJ) were harvested massively. The F₅ generation was sown in Obregon City, Sonora, in the A-W/2011-2012 cycle, where plant 27 was selected and harvested individually, which, due to its white grain, was assigned WGY (WG= white grain 27WGY).

The seed of that plant was sown in its F₆ generation in El Batán, Texcoco, State of Mexico, in the S-S/2012 cycle, where the experimental line (0B) was massively harvested, which was recognized with the pedigree: CMSS08Y00233S-099Y-099M-099NJ-27WGY-0B.

From the A-W/2013-2014 cycle, the experimental line was evaluated at INIFAP in the national yield trials of irrigated bread wheats in nine states nationwide and in 60 different production conditions, as well as in the disease evaluation nurseries established in the region of the High Valleys of Mexico in the states of Puebla, Tlaxcala and State of Mexico in cycles S-S/2014 to S-S/2016. During four years of evaluation, the Fuertemayo F2016 variety stood out with respect to the control varieties for its greater resistance to diseases and grain yield and for its good baking quality.

Fuertemayo F2016 is of spring habit, of intermediate cycle (days to maturity of 121 days on average), with absent or very weak anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile and its plant size is medium (average height of 93 cm). It has an average frequency of plants with recurved flag leaf and its heading is uniform. Its spikes have parallel edges, with medium serosity during grain filling, white at maturity and slightly curved position. Its grain is medium-sized, white, with semi-hard consistency and medium coloration to the reaction to phenol.

Grain yield

Table 1 shows the comparison of grain yield of Fuertemayo F2016 and control varieties tested in 60 different experiments in the states of Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Guanajuato under conditions of normal irrigation and limited irrigation, where it is observed that this variety exceeded the overall yield of all varieties by 3% (Roelfs F2007) up to 26% (Palmerín F2004), showing better behavior under limited irrigation conditions.

Reaction to diseases

Table 2 shows the reaction to leaf rust and yellow rust in the foliage and spike of the Fuertemayo F2016 variety and control varieties evaluated from 2013 to 2016 under irrigation conditions in the autumn-winter cycles and under rainfed conditions in the spring-summer cycles, where it was observed that this new variety showed resistance to the two rusts. For leaf rust caused by P. triticina, it is moderately resistant, with readings of 0 to 5% severity; its resistance is based on the effects of specific race genes Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2c, Lr17 and Lr23 that give resistance at all stages of growth, in adult plant that resistance is due to the effect of genes Lr46 and Lr68, presence that was determined with the markers csLV46G22 (^{Lan et al., 2019}), 7BLNRR, CSGS and CSSCL68 (^{Herrera-Foessel et al., 2012}), respectively.

For yellow rust caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, its resistance is due, in part, to the non-specific race resistance gene Yr29, linked to leaf tip necrosis (Ltn), morphological trait corroborated with the csLV46G22 marker (^{Lan et al., 2019}) and the Yr30 gene by the gwm533 marker (^{Randhawa et al., 2018}).

Industrial quality

Fuertemayo F2016 had average hectoliter weight values of 79.2 kg hl^-1, higher than the control varieties (Table 3), which will allow it to obtain high flour yields. It is of semi-hard grain, with an average content of protein in flour of 11.7%, similar to the control variety with the highest content (Kronstad F2004). Its dough presented an average value of W= 350 x 10^-4 J in its strength, being classified as a variety of strong gluten and in its tenacity-extensibility ratio, it presented a value of PL= 1.1, being classified as a variety of balanced gluten, its strong-balanced dough allowed it to obtain bread volume values greater than 850 ml, surpassing all control varieties (Table 3). Fuertemayo F2016 is suitable for the mechanized baking industry and can be used to improve weak and tenacious dough flours.

Scope of recommendation

The Fuertemayo F2016 variety is recommended for cultivation under conditions of normal irrigation and limited irrigation during the autumn-winter cycle for the states of Sinaloa, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Guanajuato and Michoacán, in order to obtain the best results with the sowing of this variety. For the northwestern, northern and northeastern states, Fuertemayo F2016 is recommended on early to late sowing dates, while for the states that make up El Bajío, it is recommended for early to intermediate sowings.

This new variety has the registration TRI-180-090318 in the National Catalog of Plant Varieties of the National Service of Inspection and Certification of Seeds and Breeder’s Title No. 1930. The wheat program of INIFAP-CEVAMEX protects and makes available to interested parties the seed in its basic category.

Conclusions

Fuertemayo F2016 is a variety released by the Wheat Program of INIFAP, recommended for sowings under normal irrigation and limited irrigation in the Northwest, North, Northeast and El Bajío. It is resistant to rusts and meets the quality demanded by the baking industry. Its sowing will allow enriching the genetic mosaic of varieties recommended by INIFAP, to avoid the appearance of new physiological races of rusts in Mexico.