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Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
versão impressa ISSN 2007-0934
Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc vol.13 no.1 Texcoco Jan./Fev. 2022 Epub 02-Maio-2022
https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v13i1.2494
Articles
Seasonal abundance of Diaphorina citri associated with the phenology of citrus crops
1National Technology of Mexico-IT of Cd. Victoria. Boulevard Emilio Portes Gil no. 1301 west, Victoria City, Tamaulipas, Mexico. CP. 87017. Tel. 834 1532000, ext. 180. (rialra@yahoo.com; azuarad@gmail.com; rodriguezjh@hotmail.com; vidal.convergens@gmail.com).
2Northern Beneficial Insects. Interejido Highway, Camino Ejidal Libertad s/n, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. CP. 87260. Tel. 834 2755452. (sanborjam@gmail.com).
In the present research, the participation of the phenology of the Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and Italian lemon (Citrus limon L. Burn f.) crops in the seasonal abundance of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama was determined. The study was carried out during the years 2015 to 2018 in three regional control areas (ARCOs), located in the municipalities of Padilla, El Barretal, El Carmen, Estación Santa Engracia, Güémez and Victoria, Tamaulipas. In these areas, the abundance of D. citri in each phenological phase of the orange crop (ARCO 1 and 2) and lemon (ARCO 3) was recorded. The Italian lemon crop produced shoots all year round. Meanwhile, the Valencia orange crop presented a phase of dormancy. In the four years, the seasonal abundance of D. citri behaved differently in the three ARCOs. The greatest abundance of the insect occurred in the phase of shoot production in trees. The result obtained in the present work could be used to define the period of application of the insecticides recommended for the control of D. citri in the ARCOs.
Keywords Diaphorina citri; arco; HLB; shoots
En la presente investigación se determinó la participación de la fenología del cultivo de naranja valencia (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) y limón italiano (Citrus limon L. Burn f.) en la abundancia estacional de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. El estudio se realizó durante los años 2015 al 2018 en tres áreas regionales de control (ARCO’S), ubicadas en los municipios de Padilla, El Barretal, El Carmen, Estación Santa Engracia, Güémez y Victoria, Tamaulipas. En estas áreas se registró la abundancia de D. citri en cada fase fenológica del cultivo de naranja (ARCO 1 y 2) y limón (ARCO 3). El cultivo de limón italiano produjo brotes todo el año. Mientras que, el cultivo de naranja valencia presentó una fase de dormancia. En los cuatro años la abundancia estacional de D. citri se comportó de manera diferente en los tres ARCO’S. La mayor abundancia del insecto se presentó en la fase de producción de brotación en los árboles. El resultado obtenido en el presente trabajo podría servir para definir el periodo de aplicación de los insecticidas recomendados para el control de D. citri en los ARCOS.
Palabras clave Diaphorina citri; arco; brotes; HLB
Introduction
In Mexico, the first report of HLB or Huanglongbing occurred in July 2009 and by November 2015 the disease was recorded in 347 municipalities in 18 citrus-producing states in Mexico (Garza et al., 2017). The estimated economic and social impact of the presence of this disease, just three years after its arrival, was 1.7 million tonnes of fruit and 112.1 million lost wages (Díaz et al., 2014). To mitigate this, the phytosanitary campaign against HLB was designed and implemented. The activities carried out in the campaign against HLB were initially focused on the detection and search for symptoms caused by the causative agent of the disease, the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Jagoueix (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae).
Subsequently, they focused on monitoring the insect vector, Diaphorina citri, of the bacterium in order to know the population distribution of the pest insect in time and space (Flores et al., 2017), and measure the impact of the insecticides contemplated in the strategy against HLB in the regional populations of the insect. In Tamaulipas, D. citri was first recorded in 2003 (López-Arroyo, 2005). In 2014, the State Plant Health Committee of Tamaulipas (CESAVETAM, for its acronym in Spanish) established a monitoring program with yellow sticky traps under the scheme of regional control areas (ARCOs) in order to control the spread of the pest insect and bacterial disease in 33 272.12 ha of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) (Sapindales: Rutaceae) and 3 339.31 ha of lemon (Citrus limon L. Burn f.) (Sapindales: Rutaceae) (SIAP, 2019), located in the municipalities of Padilla, El Barretal, El Carmen, Estación Santa Engracia, Güémez and Victoria (Mora et al., 2014).
Due to the economic importance of citrus production in these municipalities, it is necessary to analyze the seasonal abundance of D. citri in Valencia orange and Italian lemon trees in order to avoid the presence of HLB. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the seasonal abundance of D. citri associated with the phenology of the Valencia orange and Italian lemon crops.
Materials and methods
Study area
The experiment was established during the years 2015 to 2018 in three regional control areas (ARCOs) located in the municipality of Padilla, El Barretal, El Carmen, Estación Santa Engracia, Güémez and Victoria, Tamaulipas (Figure 1).
ARCO 1 was made up of 5 402.38 ha, 65 commercial orchards (Table 1) sown with Valencia orange trees. The average age of the trees was 15 years, the separation between the trees and lines was four and seven meters. The trees were watered with a furrow irrigation system.
Commercial orchard | Area (ha) | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|
Ejido La Soledad 6 | 57 | 24.086535 | -99.057106 |
Ejido Mártir de Chinameca 2 | 125.75 | 24.113646 | -99.09361 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 4 | 14.5 | 24.08759 | -99.02356 |
Ejido José López Portillo 7 | 4 | 24.04135 | -99.00219 |
Ejido La Soledad 2 | 57 | 24.118633 | -99.070244 |
Ejido La Soledad 9 | 64 | 24.104939 | -99.054146 |
Ejido San Patricio 2 | 132 | 24.060936 | -99.079445 |
Orchard El Tejón 2 | 50 | 24.03793 | -98.886696 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 3 | 14.5 | 24.070562 | -99.03035 |
Ejido José López Portillo 6 | 34 | 24.048689 | -99.0219 |
Ejido La Soledad 4 | 57 | 24.132109 | -99.067894 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 10 | 15.39 | 24.056007 | -99.03695 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 5 | 14.5 | 24.077688 | -99.02941 |
Ejido Plan de Ayala 3 | 192.83 | 24.043032 | -99.09813 |
Ejido Plan de Ayala 1 | 192.84 | 24.032415 | -99.10381 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 1 | 41 | 24.063482 | -99.12173 |
Ejido La Soledad 5 | 57 | 24.134998 | -99.06753 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 5 | 41 | 24.064547 | -99.14512 |
Ejido San Patricio 3 | 132 | 24.058231 | -99.07481 |
Ejido La Soledad 7 | 57 | 24.09412 | -99.055435 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 9 | 41 | 24.072016 | -99.15731 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 7 | 14.5 | 24.050945 | -99.03912 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 7 | 72.95 | 24.09832 | -99.03486 |
Ejido José López Portillo 4 | 34 | 24.041721 | -99.00998 |
Ejido San Patricio 1 | 132 | 24.042892 | -99.085311 |
Ejido José López Portillo 5 | 34 | 24.041246 | -99.02064 |
Ejido Mártir de Chinameca 1 | 125.75 | 24.104736 | -99.11817 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 6 | 72.95 | 24.08675 | -99.0412 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 8 | 41 | 24.065233 | -99.145355 |
Ejido La Soledad 8 | 57 | 24.08344 | -99.0645 |
Ejido La Concepción 2 | 83 | 24.106049 | -99.05002 |
Orchard El Paraíso | 100 | 24.08466 | -99.08274 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 5 | 72.95 | 24.082705 | -99.04501 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 1 | 5 | 24.072016 | -99.044785 |
Ejido La Concepción 1 | 83 | 24.09197 | -99.04489 |
Ejido La Concepción 4 | 83 | 24.082035 | -99.05381 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 2 | 41 | 24.065823 | -99.12232 |
Ejido Cruz y Cruz 1 | 382 | 24.09858 | -99.18552 |
Ejido José López Portillo 2 | 34 | 24.0361 | -99.0126 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 8 | 14.5 | 24.050976 | -99.01905 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 3 | 41 | 24.067486 | -99.131035 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 6 | 41 | 24.054068 | -99.13169 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 4 | 41 | 24.06885 | -99.13532 |
Ejido José López Portillo 1 | 34.13 | 24.035378 | -99.01616 |
Ejido La Concepción 5 | 83 | 24.076841 | -99.05645 |
Orchard Lote 47 | 45 | 24.057177 | -98.88358 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 10 | 41 | 24.070724 | -99.15082 |
Ejido Nuevo San Juan 1 | 258 | 24.047245 | -99.04309 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 11 | 41.96 | 24.077404 | -99.16936 |
Ejido Plan de Ayala 2 | 192.83 | 24.041084 | -99.105446 |
Ejido La Soledad 3 | 57 | 24.127895 | -99.07232 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 3 | 72.95 | 24.068739 | -99.04935 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 6 | 14.5 | 24.051632 | -99.04219 |
Ejido Carmen Galindeño 1 | 681.7 | 24.094416 | -99.141716 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 1 | 14.5 | 24.075184 | -99.02093 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 9 | 14.5 | 24.056099 | -99.02827 |
Orchard El Tejón 1 | 50 | 24.038193 | -98.889534 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 2 | 72.95 | 24.06817 | -99.0434 |
Ejido Marte R. Gómez 4 | 72.95 | 24.076044 | -99.05218 |
Ejido Guadalupe Victoria 7 | 41 | 24.056377 | -99.13623 |
Orchard El Lucero | 100 | 24.096743 | -98.98633 |
Ejido José López Portillo 3 | 34 | 24.041996 | -99.01711 |
Ejido José Silva Sánchez 2 | 233 | 24.124647 | -99.05361 |
Ejido José Silva Sánchez 1 | 233 | 24.08227 | -99.07351 |
Ejido Conrado Castillo 2 | 14.5 | 24.06979 | -99.02477 |
ARCO 2 was made up of 3 491.23 ha, 49 commercial orchards (Table 2) sown with Valencia orange. The average age of the trees was 15 years, the separation between the trees and rows was four and seven meters. The trees were watered with a furrow irrigation system.
Commercial orchard | Area (ha) | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|
Ejido El Arco 8 | 22.65 | 23.99976 | -99.25969 |
Ejido El Arco 1 | 22.65 | 24.009975 | -99.256165 |
Ejido El Arco 4 | 22.65 | 24.011806 | -99.26059 |
Ejido San Isidro 2 | 43 | 24.015835 | -99.24684 |
Ejido El Arco 6 | 22.65 | 24.018017 | -99.26326 |
Ejido El Arco 3 | 22.65 | 23.988935 | -99.171196 |
Ejido El Porvenir 3 | 18.5 | 23.99402 | -99.259415 |
Ejido El Porvenir 2 | 18 | 23.984842 | -99.17778 |
Ejido El Arco 10 | 22.65 | 23.991343 | -99.254845 |
Ejido San Isidro 1 | 43.28 | 24.008848 | -99.24169 |
Ejido El Arco 9 | 22.65 | 24.020386 | -99.25239 |
Ejido El Arco 7 | 22.65 | 24.008661 | -99.248955 |
Ejido El Arco 2 | 22.65 | 24.012655 | -99.24023 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 6 | 74.14 | 24.044983 | -99.20357 |
Ejido El Arco 5 | 22.65 | 24.018524 | -99.25535 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 3 | 74.14 | 24.019312 | -99.19423 |
Ejido Vicente Guerrero 1 | 61 | 24.035128 | -99.21106 |
Ejido Emiliano Zapata 3 | 90.51 | 24.035948 | -99.23369 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 7 | 74.14 | 24.033747 | -99.18054 |
Ejido Emiliano Zapata 1 | 90.51 | 24.037302 | -99.22089 |
Ejido Emiliano Zapata 4 | 90.51 | 24.048454 | -99.19514 |
Ejido Benito Juárez 3 | 94 | 24.04681 | -99.220184 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 8 | 74.14 | 24.02302 | -99.24403 |
Ejido Balconcitos 4 | 27.92 | 24.016384 | -99.216675 |
Ejido San José de Santa Engracia 1 | 728.11 | 24.024101 | -99.236465 |
Ejido Vicente Guerrero 2 | 61 | 24.044575 | -99.211586 |
Ejido El Porvenir 1 | 18.5 | 23.984312 | -99.181885 |
Ejido Vicente Guerrero 3 | 61 | 24.041195 | -99.21406 |
Ejido La Diana 1 | 374.42 | 23.995256 | -99.14137 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 5 | 74.14 | 24.033224 | -99.19679 |
Ejido Benito Juárez 1 | 94 | 24.049835 | -99.23015 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 9 | 74.14 | 24.050026 | -99.20151 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 1 | 85.99 | 24.017195 | -99.1816 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 2 | 74.18 | 24.025429 | -99.1884 |
Ejido Balconcitos 6 | 27.92 | 24.018547 | -99.2217 |
Ejido Balconcitos 3 | 27.92 | 24.015446 | -99.229996 |
Orchard las Enramadas | 50 | 24.023846 | -99.21707 |
Ejido Benito Juárez 2 | 94 | 24.042488 | -99.244865 |
Ejido La Rosita 1 | 43.07 | 24.0049 | -99.2263 |
Ejido La Rosita 3 | 43.07 | 24.008351 | -99.22203 |
Ejido Balconcitos 1 | 27.92 | 24.011097 | -99.20382 |
Ejido Guillermo Zúñiga 4 | 74.14 | 24.027617 | -99.198105 |
Ejido Balconcitos 5 | 27.92 | 24.016468 | -99.23209 |
Ejido Balconcitos 2 | 27.92 | 24.013247 | -99.21983 |
Ejido Emiliano Zapata 2 | 90.51 | 24.042408 | -99.2314 |
Ejido La Rosita 2 | 43.07 | 24.004097 | -99.232506 |
Ejido Ceylán 1 | 34 | 23.97847 | -99.14093 |
Ejido Acatlán | 100 | 23.96543 | -99.13133 |
Ejido Ceylán 2 | 34 | 23.9817 | -99.14491 |
ARCO 3 consisted of 1 575.75 ha; 18 commercial orchards (Table 3) sown with Italian lemon trees. The average age of the trees was five years, the separation between the trees and rows was four and seven meters. The trees were watered with a micro-sprinkler irrigation system.
Commercial orchard | Area (ha) | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|
Orchard La Viuda | 55 | 23.915712 | -99.09632 |
Orchard La Providencia 3 | 50 | 23.914999 | -99.07397 |
Orchard Tres Sabinos | 30 | 23.900478 | -99.05132 |
Orchard Macabeos 4 | 56 | 23.925621 | -99.02932 |
Ejido Esfuerzo del Campesino 2 | 2 | 23.937151 | -99.12753 |
Orchard El Filosofo | 53.25 | 23.916235 | -99.06931 |
Orchard Najita | 116 | 23.922585 | -99.046234 |
Orchard La Ilusión | 127.4 | 23.928032 | -99.05204 |
Orchard La Querencia | 60 | 23.917574 | -99.050766 |
Ejido La San Juana 3 | 3.4 | 23.924044 | -99.133865 |
Orchard El Contador | 21 | 23.929514 | -99.24125 |
Orchard El Cuatro | 19 | 23.936605 | -99.23088 |
Orchard El Jericob | 74.61 | 23.885063 | -99.13875 |
Orchard La Pomarosa | 40 | 23.889816 | -99.04195 |
Orchard Nuevo Guadalupe | 181 | 23.884377 | -99.031525 |
Orchard El 12 | 101.45 | 23.821293 | -99.0759 |
Orchard Teresitas | 251 | 23.899931 | -99.183525 |
Orchard Laborcitas | 334.64 | 23.851086 | -99.09927 |
Record of the phenology of citrus trees
The record of the phenology of the Valencia orange and Italian lemon crops was carried out every eight days taking as a reference what was published by Robles and Delgadillo (2010); Lozano and Jasso (2012).
Monitoring of D. citri adults in the ARCOs
The adults were captured with yellow traps of 7.5 cm by 12.5 cm, stamped with a black grid of 1.5 cm and accompanied by a base covered with the adherent Stick Bug 50%®. In the orchards, the traps were placed based on the HLB campaign operating manual. Ten traps were placed on the periphery (South-East) and 10 traps in a transverse line to it, at a distance between traps of 12 m and 1.20 m from ground level. The traps were replaced every eight days and the number of adults was quantified in the laboratory. In ARCO 1, ARCO 2 and ARCO 3, 1 300, 980 and 360 traps were installed.
Statistical analysis
The number of D. citri individuals were grouped into six categories with ranges from 0 to 100 individuals, taking as a reference that the lowest number of adults captured per month is 20 and the largest is 134 (Flores et al., 2017). The categories of the population densities of the insect were: pest 1 (0 individuals), pest 2 (1 to 100 individuals), pest 3 (100 to 200 individuals), pest 4 (200 to 300 individuals), pest 5 (300 to 400 individuals) and pest 6 (400 to 500 individuals). The categories were associated with the phases of shooting, shooting-fruiting, shooting-flowering, shooting-development and dormancy of commercial orchards of Valencia orange (ARCO 1 and 2) and Italian lemon (ARCO 3).
Finally, the categories were subjected to a multivariate analysis of multiple correspondence (Benzécri, 1973; Greenacre, 1983). The analysis considers the percentage of inertia of the X and Y axes, interpreting the one with the highest percentage of inertia. The interpretation of the results consists of associating the categories with greater proximity considering frequency data without losing the identity or origin of the sampled sites (Rencher, 2002).
Results and discussion
Phenology of the Valencia orange and Italian lemon crops
The Valencia orange trees presented the following phenology: shoot production, flowering, fruit development, dormancy and fruiting. The production of shoots occurred from January to July and from October to December, fruiting occurred in January and December. Flowering began in late March and ended in the third week of April, the development phase began in late April and ended in July and the dormancy phase occurred in late July and ended in the first week of October. On the other hand, the Italian lemon trees presented the following phenology: shoot production, flowering, fruit development and fruiting. The production of shoots occurred all year round, fruiting occurred in January and December, flowering began at the end of March and ended in the third week of April and the development phase began at the end of April and ended in July.
Seasonal abundance of D. citri associated with the phenological phases of citrus fruits in the ARCOs
In 2015, the D. citri population presented two significant associations with the phenological phases in the three ARCOs X2= 1664.78, d.f.= 121 (Figure 2). Populations of 1 to 100 individuals were associated with the shooting-development phase in ARCO 1 (A1). Whereas populations of 1 to 100 individuals were associated with the shooting-development, shooting-flowering and dormancy phases in ARCO 2 (A2) and population densities of 100 to 200 individuals were associated with the shooting phase in ARCO 3 (A3).
In 2016, D. citri adults showed a significant association with the phenological phases in the three ARCOs X2= 1998.24, d.f.= 169 (Figure 3). Populations of 100 to 200 individuals were associated with the shooting-development phase in ARCO 1 (A1). Whereas populations of 400 to 500 individuals were associated with the shooting-development phase in ARCO 2 (A2). Similarly, densities of 400 to 500 individuals were associated with the shooting phase in ARCO 3 (A3).
In 2017, two associations occurred between the number of D. citri individuals with the phenological phases in the three ARCOs (X2= 2087.39, df= 169) (Figure 4). The first association was carried out with population densities of 1 to 200 individuals in the shooting phase in ARCO 3 (A3). For the second association, populations of 200 to 300 individuals were associated with the shooting-flowering and shooting-development phases in ARCOs 1 and 2 (A1, A2).
In 2018, the population of D. citri presented significant associations with the phenological phases in the three ARCOs (X2=2313.21, df= 196) (Figure 5). Population densities of 1 to 100 individuals were associated with the shooting, shooting-flowering, shooting-fruiting and dormancy phases in ARCO 1 (A1). Population densities of 100 to 200 individuals were associated with the shooting-development phase in ARCO 2 (A2). Finally, densities of 200 to 300 individuals were associated with the shooting phase in ARCO 3 (A3).
The abundance of D. citri was different in the ARCOs and in the years of study. According to Razeto (2005), the variety of the cultivar and the production of shoots in citrus trees influences the abundance of D. citri. In the present work, the difference in the abundance of D. citri was possibly due to the amount and period of production of shoots in the Valencia orange and Italian lemon crops, since the orange crop produces fewer shoots (38.70 shoots/month) per year than the lemon crop (673.5 shoots/month) (Medina et al., 2007; Chávez et al., 2016).
In the ARCOs, the Valencia orange trees produced shoots from January to July and from October to December. Whereas the Italian lemon trees presented shoots all year round, possibly due to the micro-sprinkler irrigation system, use of fertilizers, pruning of the trees and because the lemon trees are younger (five years) than the orange trees (Pluke et al., 2008). While orange orchards do not have an irrigation system, fertilizer use is limited, and trees are on average 15 years old.
In the three years, the highest abundance of D. citri recorded in ARCO 3 was associated with the shooting phase of the Italian lemon crop. Whereas the greatest abundance recorded in ARCO 1 and ARCO 2 was associated with the shooting and shooting-development phases of the Valencia orange crop. In both crops, D. citri occurs in the phase of production and development of shoots, because adults and nymphs feed on them to mature their eggs and complete development (Ortega et al., 2013). Although adults also feed and survive for several months on fully developed leaves (Tsai et al., 2002; Fernández and Miranda, 2005; Stansly and Qureshi, 2007; Qureshi and Stansly, 2008). Hall et al. (2008) indicated that population peaks of D. citri occur when there are favorable environmental conditions and shoots availability.
In this regard, the Italian lemon crop produced shoots all year round (the greatest abundance of shoots was observed from December to March) and D. citri was present in the trees. Similarly, this has occurred in the Mexican lemon crop in the municipality of Apatzingán, Michoacán (Luna et al., 2018). D. citri is present throughout the year because the crop produces shoots constantly. However, the maximum population peak occurs in August because of the favorable environmental conditions for the insect. A similar result was determined in the Persian lemon (C. latifolia) in the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco (García et al., 2013).
As in Mexican lemon orchards, this crop produces shoots constantly and the greatest abundance of D. citri occurs from March to July. Conversely, in the Mexican lemon in Acapulco, Guerrero, the smallest adult population of D. citri occurred in February, when the trees were in the shoot production stage. Whereas the greatest abundance occurred in April and November, in the stage of fruit set and fruit development, respectively. In this case, low rainfall (Botero et al., 2014) and optimal temperature played an important role in the occurrence of high population peaks of D. citri in trees (25 to 28 °C) (Liu and Tsai, 2000; Paris et al., 2017).
Contrary to the Italian lemon crop, the Valencia orange trees did not produce shoots all year round. However, the greatest abundance of D. citri occurred in the phase of production of shoots and in the development of these. A similar result was reported by Ortega et al. (2013) in Cazones, Veracruz. The authors recorded the periods of greatest abundance of D. citri in orange trees (C. sinensis cv Mars, C. sinensis cv Valencia) and sweet lime (C. limetta) from February to April and in July, which coincide with the phase of production and development of shoots.
Acknowledgements
To the State Plant Health Committee of Tamaulipas (CESAVETAM, for its acronym in Spanish) for the support in carrying out this research and, to the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT, for its acronym in Spanish) for the scholarship granted to C. Ricardo Álvarez Ramos to carry out the Doctorate in Sciences in Biology at the Technological Institute of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.
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Received: November 2021; Accepted: February 2022