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Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
versão impressa ISSN 2007-0934
Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc vol.10 no.5 Texcoco Jun./Ago. 2019 Epub 03-Mar-2020
https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v10i5.936
Articles
Agronomic response of Phaseolus vulgaris to biofertilization in the field
1Universidad Veracruzana-Campus Xalapa. Circuito Universitario Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. CP. 91090. (llara-capistran@hotmail.com).
2Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. Calle Instituto Politécnico Nacional núm. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. CP. 23096. (lhernandez@cibnor.mx).
3Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. Extensión La Maná. Av. Los Almendros y Pujilí, Edificio Universitario, La Maná, Ecuador.
4Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Av. Walter Andrade, Vía a Santo Domingo km 1.5. Quevedo, Los Ríos, Ecuador. (jjreyesp1981@gmail.com).
5Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón. Carretera Torreón-San Pedro km 7.5, Ejido Ana, Torreón, Coahuila, México. CP. 27170. (ppreciador@yahoo.com.mx).
The use of beneficial microorganisms is a viable alternative to incorporate into legumes to improve fertility and increase nitrogen fixation in the soil. In this work the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Rhizobium etli (Re) and a reduced dose of inorganic fertilizer in the production and quality of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. ‘Negro Michigan’ under field conditions. The work was carried out in the ‘La Bandera’ Experimental Field located in the municipality of Actopan, Veracruz, during the spring summer 2016 cycle. An experimental randomized block design with eight treatments was used [T1: (control, T) , T2: (fertilized, F), T3: (inoculated with AMF), T4: (inoculated with Re), T5: (inoculated with AMF+Re), T6: (inoculated with AMF+50%F), T7: (inoculated with Re+50%F) and T8: (inoculated with AMF+Re+50%F)], each treatment with three blocks and 500 plants in each. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, pods and nodules, weight of grains, seed quality variables, total protein content and percentage of root colonization were evaluated. An analysis of variance and Fisher’s LSD test with a significance level of 5% were used. The results showed significant differences between treatments (p≤ 0.05) for the registered variables, with AMF+Re+50%F being the treatment where not only was the quality of the bean grain improved, but the use and fertilization costs would be reduced in favor of the producers’ economy.
Keywords: Rhizobium etli; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; protein
El uso de microorganismos benéficos es una alternativa viable de incorporar en leguminosas para mejorar la fertilidad e incrementar la fijación de nitrógeno en el suelo. En este trabajo se evaluó la aplicación de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA), Rhizobium etli (Re) y una dosis reducida de fertilizante inorgánico en la producción y calidad de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. ‘Negro Michigan’ bajo condiciones de campo. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en el Campo Experimental ‘La Bandera’ ubicado en el municipio de Actopan, Veracruz, durante el ciclo primavera verano 2016. Se utilizó un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos [T1: (testigo, T), T2: (fertilizado, F), T3: (inoculado con HMA), T4: (inoculado con Re), T5: (inoculado con HMA+Re), T6: (inoculado con HMA+50%F), T7: (inoculado con Re+50%F) y T8: (inoculado con HMA+Re+50%F)], cada tratamiento con tres bloques y 500 plantas en cada uno. Se evaluó altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas, flores, vainas y nódulos, peso de granos, variables de calidad de las semillas, contenido de proteína total y porcentaje de colonización radicular. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza y la prueba LSD de Fisher con un nivel de significación del 5%. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p≤ 0.05) para las variables registradas, siendo HMA+Re+50%F el tratamiento donde no solo se mejoró la calidad del grano de frijol, sino que el uso y los costos de fertilización se reducirían en favor de la economía de los productores.
Palabras clave: Rhizobium etli; hongos micorrízicos arbusculares; proteína
Introduction
According to the agro-ecological zoning studies carried out by INIFAP, a large proportion of the area destined for bean cultivation in Mexico is located in rainfed areas where the agro-ecological-productive potential is very vulnerable to droughts, early frosts, discontinuous and unstable distribution. of rainfall during the vegetative cycle of the plant or to the attack of pests and diseases (ASERCA, 1997; SIAP, 2000-2005) and at the state level Veracruz stands out with 1 813 282 ha not suitable for planting and harvesting this legume (SAGARPA-INIFAP, 2012). Therefore, it is not surprising that during the 2017 autumn-winter (residual moisture) and spring-summer (temporary) agricultural cycle, only 0.742 t ha-1 was obtained in the Veracruz entity (SIAP, 2017).
However, through the implementation of cutting-edge agrotechnics proposed through genetic improvement (directed hybridization) (Muñoz, 2012) and biotechnology it is feasible that producers not only improve productivity, but also their living conditions and income (FIRA, 2016), since the different varieties of beans (introduced or creoles) could occupy areas destined for sustainable cultivation based on tolerance to pests, diseases and water stress, or by taking advantage of their qualities in biological functions aimed at guaranteeing healthy and nutritious food self-sufficiency (del Valle, 2016; Mora, 2017).
However, several biotic factors, such as pathogens and viruses, cause considerable economic losses in the cultivation areas of Chiapas and Veracruz (López et al., 2007) that, together with the indiscriminate application and high cost of the deep nitrogen and phosphate fertilization required in the production of this crop (Martínez-Viera et al., 2010; Sánchez-Yañez et al., 2014), require the search for alternatives capable of solving problems related to food safety without affecting the levels of productivity, quality and safety desired (Khan et al., 2016), or damage the fertility of soils, break the health of consumers, the welfare of farmers and environmental balance (de Souza Vandenberghe et al., 2017).
One of the viable options to face this problem lies in the use of microorganisms whose activity improves the absorption of water and nutrients, reduces the spillage of polluting agents and controls the incidence of harmful insects and phytopathogens in the crop (Aguado-Santacruz et al., 2012; Yilmaz and Sönmez, 2017). As well as, the symbiotic relationship between the organisms involved occurs in the rhizosphere, the purpose pursued through the research lies in checking which microorganisms are beneficial after associating with their host.
For the specific case of beans, it is reported that Rhizobium etli is a rhizobacterium that promotes the growth of legumes and [not legumes] (García-Fraile et al., 2012; Soriano and González, 2012; Shameer and Prasad, 2018) through the mutualism, because in addition to nodular roots and produce acetic acid, gibberellins and cytokinins (Mayak et al., 2004), converts atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) into ammonium ion (NH4+) (Meilhoc et al., 2011; Santi et al., 2013; Miwa and Okazaki, 2017) that fix with great efficiency in the soil (Pérez-Montaño et al., 2014) and from there the plant absorbs it in the root cells through different groups of transporters located in the membrane Plasma (Kiba and Krapp, 2016).
As regards the fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhiza (AMF), Labrador (2015) and León-Aroca et al. (2017) highlight their ability to maintain an efficient absorption of water and nutrients, favor the uptake of primary elements [especially phosphorus] (Abd-Alla et al., 2014; Yadav et al., 2018) and other essential non-nutritional benefits for the survival of plants (Halder et al., 2015; Delavaux et al., 2017) without neglecting their contribution in the suppression of pests and diseases (Vázquez, 2015; Jacott et al., 2017).
However, the synergism resulting from the incorporation of two rhizospheric microorganisms (Rhizobium-AMF) in the radicular system of legumes in general (Larimer et al., 2014; Pierre et al., 2014) and bean in particular (P. vulgaris cv. CC-25-9) (Liriano et al., 2012) has confirmed its ability to improve the health and productive potential of plants by establishing a tripartite symbiosis with undeniable ecological significance (Bauer et al., 2012; Ossler et al., 2015) and agriculture (Tajini et al., 2012; Brandan de Weht et al., 2013; Martin et al., 2015).
For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dual inoculation (R. etli+AMF) and reduced inorganic fertilization on the production and quality of P. vulgaris cv. ‘Negro Michigan’ under field conditions in order to know the feasibility of incorporating microorganisms that contribute to improve the performance and protein efficiency in these production systems.
Materials and methods
Location of area of study
The research was conducted during the spring-summer cycle of 2016 in the Experimental Field ‘La Bandera’, which belongs to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Veracruzana University, Campus Xalapa, located in the municipality of Actopan, Veracruz, at 19° 27’ 30’’ of north latitude, 96° 34’ 20’’of west longitude and average altitude of 360 masl (Vázquez et al., 1992).
Bio-inputs used
The bean seeds (P. vulgaris cv. ‘Negro Michigan’) evaluated were harvested in the Actopan region, Veracruz, Mexico and were purchased from the facilities of the Cotaxtla Experimental Field (CAECOT) of the INIFAP, which is a decentralized organ of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA). These were washed with water and introduced with adequate moisture in plastic bags to add the rhizobacterial inoculant (R. etli) or mycorrhizal (AMF).
Description of treatments
The treatments evaluated in this work were: T1: (control, T), T2: (fertilized, F), T3: (inoculated with AMF), T4: (inoculated with Re), T5: (inoculated with AMF+Re), T6: (inoculated with AMF+50%F), T7: (inoculated with Re+50%F) and T8: (inoculated with AMF+Re+50%F).
Origin of rhizobacterial inoculum
The bacterial inoculum based on R. etli was provided by the Beneficial Organisms Laboratory (LOB) of the Faculty of Agricultural Science of the Veracruzana University, Campus Xalapa.
Origin of the mycorrhizal inoculum
The arbuscular mycorrhizal consortium RIN1-UV was provided by the LOB and consisted of Rhizoglomus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigaspora albida and Glomus sp., with root colonization capacity of ±85%.
Simple inoculation (Re) (AMF) and dual (Re+AMF)
The simple and dual inoculation of 500 bean seeds cv. ‘Negro Michigan’ was made in plastic bags where 10 mL of gum arabic was added as adherent, 10 g of mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF), 50 g of the rhizobacterial strain (Re, with peat as a carrier and a concentration of 105 CFU g-1). ) and 50 g Re + 10 g of Re + AMF, respectively. After 5 min of agitation, the seeds were emptied in unicel trays and dried in the shade for later sowing.
Land preparation and sowing
The experimental unit was conditioned by fallowing and harrowing an area of 93.5 m2 (5.5 mx 17 m), in which two seeds were placed per punch or sowing posture in the groove ridge with spear, at a distance of 25 cm (10 cm bushes rows-1) and 25 cm between rows. Each net parcel measured 3.43 m2 (1.25 m x 2.75 m).
Irrigation
Irrigation rolled to field capacity was applied during the stages of the vegetative and reproductive phase that began after the germination and emergence of the seedlings until before flowering (pre-flowering) and maturation of the first pods.
Fertilization
The first application of the formula 46-00-00 (urea 46% N) was broadcast, when the seedlings had 10 days of germination and the second 30 days later. In the fertilized treatments the application was made at 100% and in the reduced doses only half (50%) of the indicated nitrogen fertilizer was applied.
Experimental design
The experimental design used was a randomized block with eight treatments [T1: (control, T), T2: (fertilized, F), T3: (inoculated with AMF), T4: (inoculated with Re), T5: (inoculated with AMF+Re), T6: (inoculated with AMF+50%F), T7: (inoculated with Re+50% F) and T8: (inoculated with AMF+Re+50% F)] and three replications with 500 plants in each where the following variables were measured: height of the plant (cm), diameter of the stem (mm), number of leaves, flowers, pods and nodules (visual count), number of nodes per plant (visual count), weight (g) and grain quality variables (length, width and thickness [mm] and thickness [g]), total protein content (%) (AOAC, 1975) and percentage of root colonization (%) (Giovannetti and Mosse, 1980).
Clearing and staining of roots
The roots harvested at 90 days after sowing (DDS) were fixed in FAA (formaldehyde-acetic acid and alcohol) and their clearing and staining was performed with the technique suggested by Phillips and Hayman (1970).
Percentage of root colonization
This procedure was performed by the grid method of Giovannetti and Mosse (1980), quantifying the presence of fungal structures (hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles) in the vertical and horizontal lines of colonized roots observed with a dissection microscope in each treatment and their respective repetitions.
Results and discussion
The Anova revealed significant differences in all variables evaluated based on the Tukey test (p≤ 0.05). In height, the Re and AMF treatments showed increases of 140.35% and 96.85% with respect to control plants, while dual inoculation supplemented with a reduced dose of inorganic fertilizer (AMF+Re+50%F) showed greater diameter of the stem (176.39%), number of leaves (201.33%), flowers (329.32%), pods (312.5%) and weight of grains (620.36%) in comparison with control plants (Table 1). These results can be attributed to the fact that the soils where this study was carried out, calcium saturation is high and the assimilable phosphorus content is very low (8-12 ppm) due to the moderately alkaline pH (7.81-8) that immobilizes it and not It is readily available to plants because they are found in insoluble forms (Castañeda, 2000; Zhang et al., 2017).
Table 1 Behavior of means for the variables evaluated.
|
Treatments |
Height (cm) |
No. of leaves |
Stem diameter (mm) |
No. of flowers |
No. pods |
No. of grain |
No. of nodules |
(%) root colonization |
|
T |
37.86d |
15e |
3.22b |
4.16f |
4.16d |
4.96e |
5.5f |
3.61e |
|
F |
57.76c |
21.66de |
4.7b |
8e |
5.36d |
10.2d |
g |
2.04e |
|
HMA |
74.53b |
30.16bc |
5.71ab |
10.8d |
11.23a |
14.26c |
9.23e |
86.33a |
|
Re |
91a |
26.6b |
5.4ab |
9.16e |
7.13bc |
11.7cd |
24.13b |
13.06c |
|
HMA+Re |
69.3b |
31.16bc |
5.46ab |
12.86c |
8.4bc |
18.53b |
27.6a |
85.54a |
|
HMA+50%F |
65.8bc |
33.13bc |
6.1ab |
11.3d |
7.66bc |
20.93b |
12.03d |
82.78a |
|
Re+50%F |
65.13bc |
38.93b |
7.88ab |
14.4b |
9.06b |
21.23b |
17.86c |
8.41d |
|
HMA+Re+50F |
59.43c |
45.2a |
8.9a |
17.86a |
17.16a |
35.73a |
11.86d |
82.78a |
|
18 |
14 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
9.02 |
8 |
39 |
|
|
28 |
47 |
92 |
37 |
36 |
52 |
66 |
87 |
SD= standard deviation; CV= coefficients of variation. The averages with different letters in the same column are statistically different (Tukey, p≤ 0.05).
Although it has been shown that AMF and some bacterial genera have the property of solubilizing usable phosphates for plants (Martínez et al., 2013; Beltran-Pineda, 2014; Sawers et al., 2017) and that the predominant function of the first it is the phosphorus absorption (Wilson et al., 2012; Smith and Smith, 2012; Sarabia et al., 2017) and in the latter the consequent biological nodulation and fixation of nitrogen available for both legume and non-legume hosts (Meng et al., 2015), different authors mention natural adaptations attributable to the symbiotic relationships with these microorganisms where the content or availability of these elements is poor or marginal (Rosas et al., 1998; Sarabia et al., 2010; Rodríguez-López et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016).
In this case, most of the response variables recorded indicate that the best treatment was the interaction between AMF+Re+50%F, which not only agrees with the benefits reported by Romero-García et al. (2016) regarding the reduction and optimization in the use of fungicides and chemical fertilizers due to the positive effect registered in the phenology and biomass of P. vulgaris, since Sánchez-Yañez et al. (2014) tested a commercial inoculant composed of several microorganisms, among which the AMF and the atmospheric nitrogen fixing bacteria stand out, and showed that when the application of P is reduced (50% nitrogen fertilization and phosphate, FNP) under a system of protected agriculture, bean cultivation is feasible in health and yield with the support of a mixed inoculant (eg Endospore 33®).
Therefore, it is fair to recommend this biological input to farmers who intend to optimize the dose of FNP without risk of affecting the bean’s vegetative cycle, the quality of the grain, or its yield.
In relation to the quality of beans, the Anova (Fisher’s LSD, p≤ 0.05) showed significant differences between the treatments evaluated, being in treatment 8 (AMF+Re+50%F) where the total protein content was higher (Table 2). Regarding the seed weight variables (100 units), thickness, width and length, the best treatments were where the simple inoculation was carried out (only AMF or Re) (Table 2).
Table 2 Analysis of quality of bean seed.
|
Treatments |
Weight of 100 seeds (g) |
Thickness (mm) |
Width (mm) |
Length (mm) |
Total protein (%) |
|
Control |
10.82e |
3.3e |
2.44d |
6.29d |
15.17d |
|
HMA |
15.06a |
6.51a |
6.58a |
10.21a |
17.88cd |
|
Re |
13.34b |
5.7a |
6.59a |
10.37a |
19.22bc |
|
F |
11.55de |
4.15d |
5.3c |
8.24c |
16d |
|
HMA+Re |
13.03bc |
4.77c |
6.41ab |
9.94ab |
20.88bc |
|
HMA+50%F |
12.88bc |
4.72c |
6.43ab |
10.01ab |
23.99b |
|
Re+50%F |
12.05cd |
4.64cd |
6.57ab |
10.14ab |
23.89b |
|
HMA+Re+50%F |
12.41bcd |
4.67c |
6.24b |
9.6b |
25.5 a |
|
1.31 |
0.94 |
1.37 |
1.37 |
3.94 |
|
|
10 |
19 |
23 |
14 |
19.36 |
SD= standard deviation; CV= coefficient of variation. Averages with different letters in the same column are statistically different (Tukey, p≤ 0.05).
The most satisfactory yields were obtained with the AMF+Re+50%F treatment and in terms of seed quality (weight, thickness, length and width) the best treatments were when the plants were inoculated with AMF or with Rhizobium.
Finally, it should be noted that with the synergistic interaction between these microorganisms and the reduced fertilizer contribution of the AMF+Re+50%F treatment, the highest percentages of protein were obtained (25%), a response that according to Ojeda et al. (2014) seems justifiable, if it is taken into account that AMF improve phosphorus absorption through its hyphal network, whereas Rhizobium (symbiotic and legume specific bacteria) requires a high demand for this element for the biological fixation of nitrogen, which is taken by plants and transformed into proteins.
In the same way, it agrees with that reported by Vargas-Torres et al. (2004) for different cultivars of black beans (Tacana, Huasteco, TLP19 and Veracruz) in which they have found values between 18.9 and 24.2% or 23.41 0.16% in Mayocoba (Carmona-García et al., 2007), which they coincide with the quantity and range of proteins indicated in Table 2 (between 15.17 and 25.5%).
Without doubt, this nutritional quality, coupled with the contribution of dietary fiber, minerals (calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc) and vitamins (thiamine, niacin and folic acid) in the diet (Ulloa et al., 2011), is transcendent since this legume occupies a very important place as a source of world food and human health (Pujola et al., 2007).
Microbial colonization
The largest number of nodules (X-bar 27.6 nodules plant-1) was in the treatment AMF+Re (Table 1), qualifying its absence in treatment F and that its amount in the treatment T was low (X-bar 5-6 plant-1). On the other hand, the roots of the control plants presented native mycorrhizal colonization (3.61%), those of treatment 3 (AMF) 86.33% and, in the rest, these were 85.54% (AMF+Re) and 82.78% (in AMF+50%F and AMF+Re+50%F) (Table 1). Regarding these two variables, these percentages were high in the treatments where both rhizospheric microorganisms (AMF and Re) interacted with the bean plants, which can be attributed to the synergy coming from the tripartite symbiosis AMF-bacteria-legume where, as reported in the literature, mycorrhizal colonization optimizes phosphorus absorption and this promotes bacterial nodulation and nitrogen fixation (Rabie et al., 2005; Mortimer et al., 2008; Javaid, 2010).
Although in treatment T bean plants showed low levels of root colonization with native AMF, their efficiency did not produce the expected agronomic ranges. Then, the functioning of the tripartite symbiosis and adaptation to the conditions where this agrosystem was established can be improved by inoculation with previously selected strains, such as Bouizgarne et al. (2015); Miransari (2017) suggest it. The same tendency was observed in the formation of nodules by soil rhizobia, which also showed no beneficial effects on their hosts.
Conclusions
Under the conditions under which the experiment was carried out, the best treatment was AMF+Rhizobium+50%F where their symbiotic interaction improved the grain quality of P. vulgaris cv. ‘Negro Michigan’, so that this management can be a viable alternative to replace or at least reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and in this way, minimize costs to agricultural producers in the Actopan region.
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Received: March 01, 2019; Accepted: June 01, 2019
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