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Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
versão impressa ISSN 2007-0934
Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc vol.8 no.8 Texcoco Nov./Dez. 2017
https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v8i8.706
Articles
Geographic distribution and damage estimate of white scale of mango in Chiapas, Mexico
1 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)-Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa. Carretera Tapachula-Cacahoatán km 18, Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, México. CP. 30780. Tel. 01(55) 38718700, ext. 86410.
2INIFAP-Campo Experimental Iguala. Carretera Iguala-Tuxpan km 2.5, Col. Centro Tuxpan, Iguala de la Independencia, Guerrero, México. CP 40000. Tel. 01(55) 38718700, ext. 86501. (noriega.david@inifap,gob.mx).
3INIFAP-Campo Experimental Santiago Ixcuintla. Carretera México-Nogales km 6, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, México. AP 100. CP 63300. Tel. 01(55) 38718700, ext. 84416. (urias.marioalfonso@inifap,gob.mx).
The white mango scale (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera:Diaspididae), is an emerging pest that affects the foliage and commercial value of mango fruits. The geographic distribution and estimation of damages of exotic pests are components that serve in the decision making for the application of control methods. The objective of this work was to determine the geographic distribution and estimate of damages of the EBM in different localities and mango producing municipalities of the state of Chiapas. Samples were taken during two years (2013-2014) in mango orchards of different localities and municipalities to estimate the EBM populations in foliage and fruits. During the two years, EBM populations were detected in almost all localities. In the first year of sampling (2013), the locations with the greatest abundance of EMB in foliage were Orchard Colombia, The Norteña, Ranch Cinco Hermanos, Ranch The Carmen and others, while in the samplings in fruits it was linked to Puerto Madero. In the second year of sampling (2014), the orchard with the highest abundance of EBM in foliage was The Guamuchal and in fruits it was the area between Puerto Arista and Paredon. The municipalities with more EBM in foliage during the two years of sampling were Mapastepec, Escuintla, Tuzantán, Mazatán, Acapetahua and Huehuetán, while in fruits were Mazatan, Tuxtla Chico and Tuzantán. Finally, during the two years of sampling, the mango cultivar with the highest abundance of EBM in foliage was Manililla, and in fruits were Oro and Creole.
Keywords: introduced pests; mango orchards; regions and cultivars
La escama blanca del mango (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera:Diaspididae), es una plaga emergente que afecta el follaje y valor comercial de frutos de mango. La distribución geográfica y estimación de daños de plagas exóticas, son componentes que sirven en la toma de decisiones para la aplicación de métodos de control. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la distribución geográfica y estimación de daños de la EBM en distintas localidades y municipios productores de mango del estado de Chiapas. Se hicieron muestreos durante dos años (2013-2014) en huertos de mango de distintas localidades y municipios para estimar las poblaciones de EBM en follaje y frutos. Durante los dos años, se detectaron poblaciones de EBM en casi todas las localidades. En el primer año de muestreos (2013), las localidades con mayor abundancia de EMB en follaje fueron Finca Colombia, La Norteña, Rancho Cinco Hermanos, Rancho El Carmen y otras, mientras que en los muestreos en frutos fue entronque a Puerto Madero. En el segundo año de muestreos (2014), el huerto con mayor abundancia de EBM en follaje fue El Guamuchal y en frutos fue el área entre entronque Puerto Arista a Paredón. Los municipios con más abundancia de EBM en follaje durante los dos años de muestreos fueron Mapastepec, Escuintla, Tuzantán, Mazatán, Acapetahua y Huehuetán, mientras que en frutos fueron Mazatán, Tuxtla Chico y Tuzantán. Finalmente, durante los dos años de muestreos, el cultivar de mango con mayor abundancia de EBM en follaje fue Manililla, y en frutos fueron Oro y Criollo.
Palabras claves: huertos de mango; plagas introducidas; regiones y cultivares
Introduction
The white scale of mango, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera:Diaspididae), is a cryptogenic, cosmopolitan and polyphagous species, which is considered a very harmful pest because it affects the commercial value of mango fruits and their potential export, due to the aesthetic damages that it causes (Porcelli, 1990; Nabil et al., 2012). A. tubercularis, has been reported as an economically important pest in mango crops in Ecuador, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Mexico and other countries (Labuschagne et al., 1995; Arias et al., 2004; Urías, 2006; El-Metwally et al., 2011; Nabil et al., 2012; Amun et al., 2012). In Mexico, it was reported for the first time in 1999, in the municipality of Compostela, Nayarit (Urías, 2006; Figueroa-de la Rosa et al., 2008); later, it was dispersed to other mango producing areas in Nayarit, in which it affected approximately 10 thousand ha (Urías, 2006, García- Álvarez et al., 2014). It is currently found in all mango producing states of the country (Urías et al., 2016), with little qualitative and quantitative information about its damage and its geographical distribution in mango crops of different cultivars.
The female of A. tubercularis has an oval, flat, transparent white color and is approximately 1.5 to 2 mm long when gravid, while the male is smaller, has a rectangular shape, with three raised longitudinal ridges, white coloration and with the presence of wings (Grove et al., 2012). After the hatching of the eggs, the walking females are established at random in the upper and lower leaves and on the surface of the mango fruits, while the walking males do so in groups close to the females (van Halteren, 1970; Peña and Mohyuddin, 1997).
Severe infestations with colonies and nymphs of A. tubercularis cause leaf fall and branch death, however, the most significant economic damage occurs due to chlorotic spots on the surface of the fruits, a condition that detracts from its export quality (Hodges et al., 2005; Urias, 2006). In Mexico, a rejection of more than 50% of fruits has been reported by packers from the state of Nayarit, due to the aesthetic damage caused by A. tubercularis (Urias, 2006).
The geographical distribution of introduced pests is considered as an important component in risk analysis and decision making for the application of control methods (López-Collado et al., 2013). The geographical distribution can be seen from a global, continental, national or regional perspective (Hominick et al., 1996). A. tubercularis, is a species native to the Asian continent, with wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of America, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Malumphy, 2014). In America it has been reported in Florida (USA), Antigua, Aruba, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Saint Lucía, Trinidad and Tobago, Islands Virgins from the USA, Ecuador, Brazil and other countries (Stocks, 2013).
According to Abo-Shanab (2012), the dispersion of A. tubercularis can occur by the transport of infested plant material to non-infested areas and by the presence of host plants. In Mexico, EBM has been reported in the Pacific coastal region, which includes the states of Nayarit, Sinaloa, Guerrero and other states (Urías-López et al., 2010; Noriega-Cantú et al., 2016). However, only in the state of Nayarit has been studied precisely its geographical distribution and the intensity of its damage in different mango cultivars (García- Álvarez et al., 2014).
In Chiapas, there are no reports on the geographic distribution and intensity of damage caused by EBM in the municipalities considered mango producers, although it is one of the states with the largest area sown according to SIAP (2017). The objective of this work was to determine the geographic distribution and estimate of damages of the EBM in different localities and mango producing municipalities of the state of Chiapas. The information generated is useful for implementing integrated management programs for EBM in the most affected areas and can help to intensify surveillance measures to avoid causing economic losses.
Materials and methods
The samplings to determine the geographic distribution and estimate of damages in fruits caused by the EBM in mango orchards of the state of Chiapas, were made in the period without rains, in which it is considered that the highest population density of the pest occurs (January to May 2013 and from January to May 2014). A single sampling was made in each orchard that was visited during the phenological stage of mooring of fruits to the harvest period, in which the coordinates and altitude of each locality were recorded by means of a Garmin e Trex10® GPS (Monterrey, Mexico).
To determine the scale population in mango trees, the sampling methodology proposed by Urías-López et al. (2010), which consists of randomly selecting five trees per orchard. In each tree, four branches were selected in the direction of the four cardinal points, in which the penultimate vegetative flow (bud) of each branch was sampled. In each outbreak two leaves were chosen (eight leaves per tree) and the number of colonies, females and total per leaf (females+colonies) present in the upper and lower back was recorded.
To estimate the damages caused by EBM in mango fruits, eight branches were selected per tree and the number of healthy and infested fruits was registered by colonies of walkers, females and scale colonies by mango fruit. Subsequently, the percentage of infested fruits was calculated from the record of a female, colony of walkers, or colony of scale versus free fruits of the pest. All the variables were recorded in a preset format, which was emptied into a database elaborated in the Excel computer program for statistical analysis.
During 2013 and 2014, 91 and 99 mango orchards were monitored, respectively, located in municipalities of the Costa-Soconusco region of the state of Chiapas. In 2013, 34 localities were monitored in Tapachula, 12 in the municipality of Huehuetán, 11 in Mazatán, eight in Escuintla, seven in Tuxtla Chico, three orchards in Huixtla, Tuzantan, Villa Comaltitlán, Mapastepec, Metapa of Domínguez and Suchiate, while a locality in the municipality of Acapetahua. In 2014, 23 locations were monitored in the municipality of Tonala, 17 in Tapachula, 15 in Mazatán, 14 in Huehuetan, 13 in Pijijiapan, six in Tuzantán, five in Tuxtla Chico, three in Acapetahua, two in Escuintla and a locality in the municipality of Huixtla.
Statistic analysis
The data obtained in the field during the samplings were analyzed by means of an analysis of variance as a randomized block design with five repetitions and the mean comparison was made by means of the Tukey test (p≤ 0.05). The analyzes were made with the statistical program SAS (SAS Institute Inc., 2009).
Results and discussion
Distribution of EBM by localities
During the first year of sampling in leaves and mango fruits, the presence of EBM was detected in almost all the visited localities, with the exception of the the Iguanero orchard, located in the municipality of Mazatán. Significant differences were found between localities in the total number (females+colonies) and percentage of fruits infested by scales (p≤ 0.05).
Mangrove orchards with the most flakes were orchard Colombia, The Norteña, Ranch Cinco Hermanos, Ranch The Carmen, The Puente, Rancho The Tamarindal, Suchiate, Ranch Hermanos Torres, Ranch Medio Monte, Ranch The Potosí, Gibraltar Canton, Tapachula Airport, Paradero The Aguacate, Ranch Santa Hortensia, Umoa, Ranch Pumpuapa and Metapa of Dominguez, in which more than 1 flakes/leaf was registered.
Mango orchards with moderately abundant populations of EBM were Ranch Santa Mónica, The Tres Cruces, Ranch The Maravillas, Ranch The Recuerdo, Ranch The Cintal, Ranch The Corralito, Ranch The Herradura and others, in which a total of 0.50 was observed. 0.95 flakes/leaf. The lowest populations were registered in San José Canton, New Granada Cantón, Emiliano Zapata, Ejido The Dorado, orchard The Andreas, The Palmar and other localities, with populations lower than 0.49 scales/leaf.
The highest number of fruits infested by EBM was recorded at the Puerto Madero junction (33.33%), followed by the The Norteña Experimental Site (25.00%), Gibraltar Canton (20.58%) and Ranch The Corralito (19.47%). In the other localities, percentages of infested fruits were observed between 13.36 and 0% (Table 1).
Table 1 Population density and percentage of fruits infested by A. tubercularis in leaves and mango fruits in different locations of the state of Chiapas during the first year o sampling.
Valores por columna con letras distintas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, p≤ 0.05); sf= sin frutos.
In the second year of sampling in leaves and mango fruits, the presence of EBM was detected in all the visited localities. Significant differences were found between localities in the total number (females+colonies) of EBM per leaf, as well as in the percentage of fruits infested by EBM (p≤ 0.05). The mango orchards with the highest abundance of scales were Ranch The Guamuchal, in which a total of 7.4 flakes/leaf was recorded. In the orchards of Buenos Aires 2nd section, The Canal, Nueva Esperanza, Salto de Agua, Adolfo López Mateos, Buena Vista, The Puente, The Agua and other locations, moderately abundant populations were observed, with a total of 2 to 3.53 flakes/leaf.
The lowest populations were registered in The Iguanero, The Norteña, The Porvenir, San José de los Mares and other localities, with records of zero scales per leaf (Table 2). The highest amount of fruits infested by EBM, was recorded in the garden between Puerto Arista and Paredon (33.33%), followed by the junction to Ciudad Hidalgo, Buenos Aires 2nd section, Cruz of Oro and The Encanto of Oro (31.37, 26.79, 18.75 and 14.50%, respectively). In Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Buenos Aires, between Chamulapita, The Güerito, The Toros, Buenos Aires 1st section, Buena Vista, The Lauritas, Madre Sal and Maria Jose, percentages of moderately high infested fruits were recorded (between 11.5 and6.02%).
Table 2 Population density and percentage of fruits infested by A. tubercularis in leaves and mango fruits in different locations of the state of Chiapas during the second year of sampling.
Valores por columna con letras distintas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, p≤ 0.05); sf= sin frutos.
In the rest of the orchards a low percentage of infestation was recorded (between 5 and 0%). Similar to that reported by García- Álvarez et al. (2014) in mango orchards in Nayarit, it was observed that in the mango orchards in Chiapas with low infestation of EBM in foliage, they also had low infestations in fruits, although it was not necessarily the case in all orchards.
Ramos-Serrano et al. (2008) suggest that EBM control actions should be initiated when 0.1 colonies/leaf are detected. According to the results of this work in different locations in Chiapas, many orchards with values above the suggested threshold were detected, so it is pertinent to undertake control actions against EBM populations in orchards that exceed the economic threshold to avoid damage mango fruits.
Distribution of EBM by municipality
During the first year of monitoring, significant differences were detected in the densities of EBM among the different municipalities visited (p≤ 0.05). In the municipality of Mapastepec, the highest EBM densities were observed, followed by the municipalities of Escuintla, Huehuetán, Metapa of Domínguez, Tuzantán, Tapachula and Suchiate. While in Acapetahua and Tuxtla Chico, moderately high population densities of females and total scales per leaf were found. In Villa Comatitlán and Huixtla, the lowest population densities were recorded. The percentage of fruits infested by higher EBM was observed in Mazatán and Tuzantán (6.08 and 5.56%, respectively), followed by the percentages of fruits infested in Mapastec, Tapachula and Huehuetán. In the municipality of Acapetahua, Villa Comaltitlán, Tuxtla Chico and Suchiate, the percentage of infested fruits was lowest (Table 3).
Table 3 Population density of females, colonies, total and percentage of fruits of A. tubercularis in leaves and mango fruits in different municipalities of the state of Chiapas during the first year of sampling.
Valores por columna con letras distintas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, p≤ 0.05).
In the second year, significant differences were found in the EBM densities among the sampled municipalities (p≤ 0.05). In Huehuetan and Acapatehua, the highest population densities of females, colonies and total of scales were recorded. The densities of moderately high populations of females, colonies and total of scales were observed in Escuintla, Tuzantán, Mazatán, Tuxtla Chico, Pijijiapan and Tapachula. In Tonalá and Huixtla, the lowest population densities were recorded. The highest number of infested fruits was registered in Tuxtla Chico (8.46%), followed by Tuzantán, Escuintla, Mazatán, Tapachula, Huehuetan, Tonalá, Acapetahua and Pjijiapan (7.54, 5.29, 4.97, 3.15, 2.84, 1.84, 1.71 and 1.34 %, respectively). In the Huixtla orchards, no infested fruits were detected (Table 4).
Table 4 Population density of females, colonies, total and percentage of fruits of A. tubercularis in leaves and mango fruits in different municipalities of the state of Chiapas during the second year of sampling.
Valores por columna con letras distintas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, p≤ 0.05).
Distribution of EBM by cultivating
In the first year of sampling, significant differences were found in the densities of EBM populations in leaves between the different mango cultivars (p≤ 0.05); however, in fruits there were no significant differences (p≤ 0.05). In cultivars Manililla, Ataulfo, Oro and Tommy Atkins, the highest population densities of EBM were recorded. The lowest population density of EBM was observed in Haden and Creole cultivars. Although no significant differences were found in the percentage of fruits infested by EBM, it is observed that the cultivars Creole, Haden and Ataulfo reached percentages of infestation between 3.92 and 5.15% (Table 5).
Table 5 Population density of females, colonies, total and percentage of A. tubercularis (± EE) in foliage and fruits of different mango cultivars in Chiapas in the first year of sampling.
Valores por columna con letras distintas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, p≤ 0.05).
During the second year, significant differences were detected in the population densities of EBM in leaves and mango fruits of different cultivars (p≤ 0.05). The highest population density of females, colonies and total number of leaves per leaf was recorded in Ataulfo and Manililla cultivars, followed by Oro and Tommy Atkins. In the Irwin cultivar, a null population density of scales was registered. The amount of fruits mostly infested was observed in the cultivar Oro (10.91%), in contrast, with the cultivars Manililla, Ataulfo, Tommy Atkins and Irwin, in which lower percentages were recorded between 3.47 and 1.25% (Table 6).
Table 6 Population density of females, colonies, total and percentage of A. tubercularis (± EE) in foliage and fruits of different mango cultivars in Chiapas in the second year of sampling.
Valores por columna con letras distintas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, p≤ 0.05)
In the two years of sampling, higher population densities of EBM were found in the cultivars, Manililla, Ataulfo, Oro and Tommy Atkins. Similarly, García- Álvarez et al. (2014) reported the highest population density in EBM in Ataulfo mango leaves. In contrast, with the report by Gallardo (1983), who mentions that the cultivar Haden is very susceptible to EBM, in this work there were low population densities of EBM in said cultivar.
Conclusions
The white mango scale was detected in almost all the locations that were sampled during two years in the state of Chiapas. The municipalities with more white mango scale in foliage were: Mapastepec, Escuintla, Tuzantán, Mazatán, Acapetahua and Huehuetaán, while in fruits were: the municipalities of Mazatán, Tuxtla Chico and Tuzantán.
During the two years of sampling, the mango cultivar with the highest abundance of white mango scale in foliage was Ataulfo and Manililla, and in fruits were the cultivars Oro and Creole.
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Received: November 2017; Accepted: December 2017
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