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Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
versión impresa ISSN 2007-0934
Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc vol.8 no.7 Texcoco sep./nov. 2017
Research notes
Effects of doses of hydrogen cyanamide on sprouting and production of clusters in table grape
1Campo Experimental de la Costa de Hermosillo-INIFAP. Calle Pascual Encinas Félix, Colonia la Manga, Hermosillo, Sonora. C. P. 83220. Tel. 01(55) 38718700, ext. 81314 y 81317. (miranda.jose@inifap.gob.mx).
In warm regions, such as the Sonora Desert areas, grapevine cultivation faces the problem of insufficient cold accumulation, a condition that causes vine varieties to grow late and irregularly. To solve this problem growers make use of budding promoters such as hydrogen cyanamide, which is applied immediately after pruning, in late december or early january. In order to determine the effect of increasing doses of hydrogen cyanamide on shoot buds and grape clusters production, several experimental tests were carried out during the production cycles of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013 in vineyards commercial with the cultivar Perlette, irrigated with system pressurized drip type. The treatments evaluated were hydrogen cyanamide concentrations: 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 3.5% (p/v). To measure the effect of the treatments, the final bud and number of clusters per plant were recorded. Data collected from the variables considered were statistically analyzed by performing the Anova and separating averages using the Duncan test at 0.05. The results obtained indicate that hydrogen cyanamide at low concentrations stimulated the sprouting of the buds in the plants of vine in years with accumulation of contrasting cold hours, and that in years of low accumulation of the cold hours, the high doses reduced in form significant (p≥ 0.05) sprouting of the buds. On the other hand, the number of clusters per plant was reduced with high doses of cyanamide (p≥ 0.05) if the accumulation of cold was low; also, it was observed that this variable was closely related to the level of budding of the plants.
Keywords: Vitis vinifera; budding promoters; cold hours; vine varieties
En regiones cálidas, como las áreas del desierto de Sonora, el cultivo de la vid enfrenta el problema de insuficiencia en acumulación de unidades frio, condición que provoca que las variedades de vid broten tardíamente y en forma irregular. Para solventar este problema los productores hacen uso de promotores de brotación como la cianamida de hidrógeno, la cual es aplicada inmediatamente después de la poda, a finales de diciembre o principios de enero. Con el propósito de determinar el efecto de dosis crecientes de cianamida de hidrógeno en la brotación de las yemas y en la producción de racimos de la vid se realizaron varias pruebas experimentales durante los ciclos de producción del 2009, 2010, 2011 y 2013 en viñedos comerciales con el cultivar Perlette, irrigado con sistema presurizado tipo goteo. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron las concentraciones de cianamida de hidrogeno: 0, 1.25, 2.5 y 3.5% (p/v). Para medir el efecto de los tratamientos se registró la brotación final y cantidad de racimos por planta. Los datos recabados de las variables consideradas fueron analizados estadísticamente llevando a cabo el Anova y separación de medias mediante la prueba de Duncan al 0.05. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la cianamida de hidrógeno en bajas concentraciones estimuló la brotación de las yemas en las plantas de vid en años con acumulación de horas frío contrastante, y que en años de baja acumulación de las horas frio, las altas dosis redujeron en forma significativa (p≥ 0.05) la brotación de las yemas. Por otro lado, el número de racimos por planta se redujo con altas dosis de cianamida (p≥ 0.05) si la acumulación de frio fue baja; asimismo, se observó que esta variable estuvo estrechamente relacionado con al nivel de brotación de las plantas.
Palabras clave: Vitis vinifera; horas frío; promotores de brotación; variedades de vid
The vine is a fruit that normally develops in conditions of temperate climate but in the state of Sonora the predominant climate conditions correspond to the dry arid subtropics, where warm winters commonly occur in which the accumulated cold hours are insufficient to fill the requirements of the vine, cultivation that is dedicated to the production of grapes for table and raisins. In the case of table grape production, varieties that are frequently exploited have problems with low sprouting, a process that follows an asymptotic curve whose inclination and occurrence of the maximum point is dependent on the variety, amount of accumulation of cold units and heat units and other factors such as vineyard management and application of sprouting products. In years where the accumulation of cold units is insufficient, the final budding is very low and uneven, and the same situation occurs when excessive sprouting products are applied (Martínez, 1999; Dokoozlian, 1999; Martínez, 2012).
In vine plants, to achieve a good level of budding in the production cycle, it is necessary that the buds go through a period of dormancy during the winter, which consists of the temporary suspension of growth of any meristematic tissue. In this fruit dormancy has been reported to occur in three phases: ecodormancy, endodormancy and paradormancia Lang et al. (1987), in which ecodormancy and paradormancy are controlled by external factors and endodormancy by internal factors (Díaz and Osorio, 1992).
In the dormancy processes of the buds of the vine plants, the accumulation of cold hours is a factor that plays a determining role in inducing endodormancy and in breaking it Dokoozlian (999); Antcliff and May (1961); on the other hand, it is known that the accumulation of heat is necessary at the end of the endodormancy so that the sprouting process of the buds occurs; Likewise, it is reported that the effect of these two factors is not independent, but there is a sequential interaction between them. (Moncur et al., 1989; Okie and Blackburn, 2011; Martínez, 2012).
Once the cold hours that the vine varieties require have accumulated, the buds in endodormancy are predisposed to begin the budding process, where for this it is necessary to have favorable conditions of temperature that can be expressed in heat units. On the other hand, it is mentioned that the greater the level of cold accumulation, the lower the number of heat units required to break the endodormancy of the yolk. Sprouting is high, uniform and occurs in a compact period of time if the accumulation of cold was sufficient even when there is low accumulation of heat units, in contrast, with a low level of cold accumulation, the requirement of heat units is higher, even thus, sprouting is heterogeneous and occurs over a longer period of time (Martínez, 2012).
Studies performed with respect to the measurement of cold hours accumulation in the Hermosillo Coast region have allowed us to observe that the final sprouting level in vineyards for table grape production has been acceptable when there has been a high accumulation of cold hours, while when the accumulation of cold hours has been low the final budding is low, also observing that those buds that do not sprout die from starvation Martínez (1999); Martínez (2005); Martínez et al. (2006b). In this region it is common that the cold hours necessary to induce a good sprouting of the buds in vine plants are not obtained, reason why the use of sprouting products like the hydrogen cyanamide is required, product that has promoted the advancement and standardization of sprouting (Martínez et al., 2008).
The hydrogen cyanamide is a promoter of sprouting in deciduous fruit trees Faust et al. (1997). This product is reported to activate more than 800 genes within the yolk within the first few hours after its application to the grapevine plants, but the sequence of the activation of these genes is unknown. Or et al. (2002). Knowing the mode of activation of the genes in the yolk would make it possible to determine the mechanism of action of the product in the buds of the vine plants. At the biochemical level, it is now known that the product inhibits the enzyme catalase, thereby reducing the concentration of peroxide in the tissues, a reaction that triggers the processes that promote bud budding (Or et al., 2002; Osorio et al., 2004; Pérez and Lira, 2005).
In the Costa de Hermosillo region of Sonora, in some years, it has been observed that cyanamide applications have reduced the level of bud sprouting in grapevines, an anomaly that has been associated with possible intoxication of the yolk inducing necrosis, hypothesis that has not been corroborated experimentally Martínez (2010). In addition, another common problem that has arisen in vineyards in this region is the abortion of clusters, a problem that arises shortly after sprouting occurs, as a consequence of poor development of inflorescences, which later become necrotic and detach from the outbreak Martinez et al. (2006a). Poor development of inflorescences has been associated with the application of hydrogen cyanamide, since it has been observed that even when the application of the product has improved sprouting, this has not necessarily translated into an increase in the number of clusters (Martínez et al., 2008).
Although hydrogen cyanamide has been used for more than 20 years in desert regions producing table grapes, there are still doubts as to the concentration to be used based on the quality of cold accumulation during dormancy. In order to determine the effect of increasing doses of hydrogen cyanamide on bud sprouting and on grapevine production, several experimental tests were performed during four crop development cycles.
Metodology
Experimental work was carried out during the 2009, 2010 and 2011 production cycles in the Costa de Hermosillo region, in the commercial vineyard of cv. Perlette, under drip irrigation, located in Campo La Ventanita (latitude 28° 58’ 59’’ north, longitude 111°35’ 42’’ west and altitude of 49 m), and in a fourth cycle in 2013 in the Santa Inés field (latitude 29 °02’ 31’’ north, longitude 111°30’ 11’’ west and altitude 82 m) with the same cultivar. Before applying the treatments, the plants in the vineyard were pruned in mixed form, leaving spurs and canes.
During the 2009 cycle two separate works were carried out, the data of which were combined and analyzed in an integrated way. The treatments included four doses of the hydrogen cyanamide product corresponding to the concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 3.5%. The treatments in each evaluation cycle were distributed in a randomized block design with three replicates, where the experimental unit consisted of five vine plants. For spraying the product doses, 1 800 liters of water per hectare were used, which were applied with a motorized pump type backpack. For the 2009, 2011 and 2013 cycles, the treatments were applied on december 28 of the previous year and for the 2010 cycle they were applied on january 2 of the same year.
Before the treatments were applied, the effective cold hours accumulated at the end of December of the previous year were recorded based on the conventional method and modified by Osorio et al. (1997) and Osorio et al. (2004), for each site where the experimental tests were established. The 140 cold effective units were counted for the beginning of the 2009 cycle, 245 for 2010, 190 for 2011 and 152 for 2013. After the treatments were applied, in each cycle in which the tests were carried out, of total buds in the plants and their budding on different dates until it stabilized, while the number of clusters per plant was counted before the thinning. We performed analysis of variance of the data as well as the mean separation test using the Duncan test at 0.05%.
Sprouting of the vine
The data collected with respect to the total budding levels per 100 buds in each of the cycles in which the studies were performed are presented in Figure 1. The response curves in this Figure 3 show that the cyanamide treatments had percentages of budding higher than 50% while the control treatment without cyanamide application had the lowest percentage, ranging from 25 to 66%. In the case of cycle 2009, the curve in this Figure 3 shows that the highest percentage was presented in the treatment with the cyanamide concentration of 1.25% which was statistically different to the concentration of 3.5%, indicating that high doses of cyanamide inhibited sprouting of buds.
Figures 1 Sprouting level (%) with different concentrations of hydrogen cyanamide in cv. Perlette in the region Hermosillo Coast in the cycles 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013.
On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that in this cycle, 57% of the yolks did not sprout in the final control treatment, which finally perished, as did those that did not emerge in cyanamide treatments; Also, in cyanamide and control treatments, there were no buds with symptoms of necrosis in the short term, according to observations under the stereoscopic microscope. The yolks that did not sprout in time, both in the control treatment and in the treatments with cyanamide, remained without sprouting until the time of harvest, and in both cases the buds at that moment perished, presumably by starvation and not by effects of phytotoxicity of cyanamide.
If hydrogen cyanamide were the cause of budding mortality this would have occurred from the early stages of development. This result reinforces what was previously observed, both in commercial lots and in experimental plots, in which cyanamide applications in excessive concentrations only provoke shoot-inhibition effects without causing necrosis of the buds (Martínez et al., 2010; Martínez, 2012).
In this same Figure 1 is presented the curve with the data of the final bud of the cycle 2010 where it is seen that there were no statistically significant differences between the treatments; the above may be due to the fact that in that cycle, the accumulation of cold hours was above 190 units at the time of application of the treatments, a quantity considered as high, a condition that allowed the application of cyanamide in its different concentrations did not induce differential effects on sprouting, information that coincides with that reported by (Osorio et al., 2004; Martínez, 2010).
On the other hand, the Figure 3 shows the data of the final sprouting level of the 2011 cycle, the curve corresponding to this year, shows that the sprouting levels in the treatments and that corresponding to the treatment with the 1.25% cyanamide dose was which presented the highest bud level, above 65%, being this statistically significant at the control level and 2.5% and 3.5% treatments. These data, like those of the 2009 cycle, give an indication that possibly high concentrations of cyanamide have a phytotoxic effect on the buds inhibiting their budding.
In this cycle the level of cold accumulation was high, above 250 units, which in turn gives an indication that the inhibition of sprouting by high doses of cyanamide can occur even in years when the accumulation of cold is sufficient as reported by Or et al. (1999) but contrast with the results obtained in the 2010 cycle (Martínez, 2010), in which the different concentrations of cyanamide had no effect on budding, which in turn indicates that in addition to cyanamide, there are some other factors that are presented during the development of the crop that can influence the expression of sprouting (Martínez et al., 2008).
Also in this Figure 3, the data of the final sprout level of cycle 2013 are presented, the curve corresponding to this cycle, shows that the sprouting levels in the different cyanamide treatments are close to 80%, but higher and statistically different to the cyanamide-free control, which presented levels close to 25%, confirming that the cyanamide product induces sprouting of the grapevine buds, but in turn gives evidence that the high doses do not have a phytotoxic effect on the buds that affect their sprouting (Martínez et al., 2008; Martínez, 2010).
Production of clusters per plant
In relation to the production of clusters per plant, the curves corresponding to this variable in each of the production cycles are presented in Figure 2. The curve corresponding to the 2009 cycle shows that the treatments presented statistically significant differences, occurring the highest number of clusters with the cyanamide concentration of 1.25% and the lowest in the treatment with 3.5%, the same also occurred in the cycles 2011 and 2013, except that in the cycle 2010 in which under all treatments the same number of clusters per plant was obtained. In the 2013 cycle all doses of hydrogen cyanamide presented the same number of clusters statistically although the trend was clear towards a reduction of the amount of clusters with the high doses of cyanamide.
Figure 2 Number of clusters per plant with different concentrations of cyanamide in cv. Perlette in the region of Hermosillo Coast in the cycles 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013.
In previous works developed in the region of Hermosillo Coast, Sonora, it has been observed that there is a close relationship between the level of sprouting and the number of clusters per plant, according reports to Martínez (2012). Data obtained from experiments performed in different vine production cycles and to which correlation tests were run, it was determined that there was a high correlation (r2= 0.95) between the sprouting percentage and the number of clusters per plant, which shows that the number of clusters per plant is dependent on the level of sprouting in the plant and in turn the level of sprouting at the concentration of hydrogen cyanamide.
On the other hand, these results contrast with those reported by Martínez et al. (2008) who indicate that the commercial doses of hydrogen cyanamide, commonly used by vine growers, when applied in the Superior vine cultivar, increase sprouting levels, but the increase is not reflected in the number of clusters per plant.
Conclusions
The sprouting of the vine is promoted by hydrogen cyanamide, but its effect is dependent on the concentration and accumulation of cold hours, prior to the moment of its application. In high doses this inductor can negatively affect the sprouting and as well as reduce the production of clusters per plant and especially in years with low accumulation of cold.
Literatura citada
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Received: August 01, 2017; Accepted: September 01, 2017
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