Notas

 

New record of sheep frog (Hypopachus variolosus) in the Tres Marías Islands archipelago, Nayarit, Mexico

 

Nuevo registro de la rana ovejera (Hypopachus variolosus) en el archipiélago de las islas Marías, Nayarit, México

 

J. Antonio de la Torre*, Leonardo J. López–Damián, Horacio V. Bárcenas, Edith Nájera–Solís and Rodrigo A. Medellín

 

Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado postal 70–275, 04510 México D. F., México.

 

*Correspondent:
adelatorre@miranda.ecologia.unam.mx

 

Recibido: 03 septiembre 2009
Aceptado: 12 enero 2010

 

Abstract

During a recent visit to María Madre Island, in the Tres Marías Island archipelago, 2 specimens of Hypopachus variolosus were found. This new record of the sheep frog from Tres Marías Island archipelago represents the first island record for this species. Due to the uncertainty about its conservation status in this locality, we consider necessary to improve the information about this species in the island.

Key words: Hypopachus variolosus, sheep frog, Microhylidae, Tres Marías Islands.

 

Resumen

Durante una reciente vista a la isla María Madre del archipiélago de las islas Marías se encontraron 2 ejemplares de Hypopachus variolosus. Este nuevo registro de la rana ovejera en las islas Marías representa el primero de esta especie para una isla. Consideramos que es necesario obtener más información de esta especie en el archipiélago ya que su estado de conservación en esta localidad es incierto.

Palabras clave: Hypopachus variolosus, rana ovejera, rana manglera, Microhylidae, islas Marías.

 

The Tres Marías Islands are a small chain of 4 islands (María Madre Island, María Magdalena Island, María Cleofas Island and San Juanito), located in the eastern Pacific Ocean towards northwesterly on a line extending from the coast of the Mexican states of Nayarit and Jalisco, lying 80 to 100 km west from the Mexican mainland, between 21 and 22°N and 106 and 107°W (Wilson, 1991). Given its high number of endemics, degree of isolation and extraordinary importance as biodiversity reservoir, this archipelago has been considered the "Mexican Galapagos". The Tres Marías Islands archipelago was declared as Biosphere Reserve in 2000 (Diario Oficial de la Federación, 2000).

Faunal inventories have been realized previously for The Tres Marías Islands archipelago (Zweifel, 1960; Wilson, 1981; Casas–Andreu, 1992). The list of native terrestrial amphibian for Tres Marías Islands included only 3 non endemic species, following Frost's (2008) taxonomic arrangement: Incilius mazatlanensis, Eleutherodactylus pallidus and Smilisca baudini (Zweifel, 1960; Casas–Andreu, 1992). Zweifel (1960) suggested a list of 20 potential mainland amphibian species that could occur in these islands, which included the sheep frog (Hypopachus variolosus). However, other amphibian species have not been so far recorded for this archipelago.

We visited María Madre Island, the largest island of the chain, during September 2008 at the peak of the rainy season. On September 7^th, approximately at 8:00 pm, an adult male of H. variolosus was found crossing a trail along an intermittent creek known as Arroyo Hondo [21.6728°N, 106.6118°W, 92 mosl]. This individual was photographed (Fig. 1). A second individual was found in the same trail on September 9^th, approximately at 8:30 pm [21.6744°N, 106.6084°W, 89 masl]. The second individual was collected, prepared as collection specimen and deposited in a registered collection (Rodrigo A. Medellín Legorreta, Museo de Zoología "Alfonso L. Herrera" Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, [MZFC 22638], SVL 37.3 mm, 7 g). The site where both specimens were found was covered with disturbed riparian vegetation, sandy ground and scattered pasture. Both individuals were identified as H. variolosus (verified by G. Santos). The closest known locality was recorded as a synonymous by Shannon and Humphrey (1958), at "3 mi. E. San Blas, Nayarit" (Frost, 2009) in mainland, which is ca. 142 km E of the archipelago.

Sheep frogs occur at low and moderate elevations from southern Texas and Sonora to Costa Rica (Lee, 1996). This new record of H. variolosus from Tres Marías Islands archipelago is relevant because it is the first island record for this species. Amphibians are unlikely to disperse over ocean barriers because they do not tolerate the osmotic stress of salt water. Therefore, amphibian biogeography is explained mostly by vicariance (Vences et al., 2003), and the occurrence of H. variolosus and the other amphibian species recorded on Tres Marías Islands archipelago suggest a former mainland connection (Zweifel, 1960). However, there is a remote possibility that H. variolosus could be introduced to the island, as many other species, due to the intense movements of materials, foods, plants and people to these islands; but currently there is not any evidence that support this hypothesis. This issue can probably be solved in future using molecular methods to compare genetic diversity of the island population with the mainland populations.

Finally, we consider important to improve the information about this and other species in the archipelago as its current conservation status in the site is unknown. This situation is crucial, due to the fact that since 1905 a penal colony and personal of the Mexican Navy inhabit María Madre Island (Santos del Prado et al. 2006). Main threats for biodiversity at these islands are the timber, flora and fauna extraction for disorganized commercial subsistence purposes and the large populations of exotic species. This new information will enhance the management program for the conservation of the archipelago and the sustainable use of the resources of the Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve.

The expedition to the Island was part of a collaboration project of the National Institute of Ecology (INE–SEMARNAT) and the Institute of Ecology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (IE–UNAM). We greatly appreciate the technical support in this project of O. Gaona. We thank G. Lacy, A. Frías, G. Negrete and K. Santos for their support throughout this study. We also thank J. Pacheco, G. Santos and J. Banda who kindly contributed with information about the amphibian specimens collected in the island. A. Menchaca and 2 anonymous reviewers provided helpful suggestions for improving this manuscript.

 

Literature cited

Casas–Andreu, G. 1992. Anfibios y reptiles de las Islas Marías y otras islas Adyacentes a las costas de Nayarit, México. Aspectos sobre su Biografía y Conservación. Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 63:95–112.         [ Links ]

Diario Oficial de la Federación. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca. DECRETO por el que se declara área natural protegida, con el carácter de reserva de la biosfera, el archipiélago conocido como Islas Marías, ubicado en el mar territorial mexicano del Océano Pacífico, con una superficie total de 641,284–73–74.2 hectáreas. 27 de Noviembre de 2000.         [ Links ]

Frost, D. R. 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.         [ Links ]

Lee, J. C. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatan Peninsula. Comstock Publishing. 500 p.         [ Links ]

Santos del Prado, G. K., F. G. Negrete and M. J. Gabriel. 2006. Diagnostico ambiental participativo en la colonia penal federal Islas Marías. Hacia la conservación y el manejo sustentable del territorio. Instituto Nacional de Ecología (INE). Gaceta Ecológica 81:5–18.         [ Links ]

Shannon, F. A. and F. L. Humphrey. 1958. A discussion of the polytypic species, Hypopachits oxyrrhinus, with a description of a new subspecies. Herpetologica, 14:85–95.         [ Links ]

Wilson, D. E. 1991. Mammals of the Tres Marías Island. Bulletin of The American Museum of Natural History 206:214–250.         [ Links ]

Vences, M., D. R. Vieites, F. Glaw, H. Brinkmann, J. Kosuch, M. Veith and A. Meyer. 2003. Multiple Overseas Dispersal in Amphibians. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270:2435–2442.         [ Links ]

Zweifel, R. G. 1960. Results of the Puritan–American Museum of Natural History Expedition to Western Mexico. 9. Herpetology of the Tres Marias Islands. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 119:77–128.         [ Links ]