Catálisis, cinética y reactores

 

Uso de catalizadores en los procesos Fischer-Tropsch

 

Use of catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch processes

 

S.C. Araujo-Ferrer¹*, A. De Almeida², A. Zabala¹ y A. Granados¹

 

¹ Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA)-Intevep, Apartado 76343, Caracas 1070-A, Venezuela. *Autor para la correspondencia. E-mail: araujosc@pdvsa.com Tel. +58-212-330-6129, Fax +58-212-330-6463.

² Invensys Systems Venezuela, Avenida Francisco de Miranda, Torre Delta, P-12, Altamira, Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Recibido 29 de Agosto de 2012
Aceptado 28 de Febrero de 2013

 

Resumen

El proceso Fischer-Tropsch consiste en la transformación del gas de síntesis (H₂ y CO), en presencia de un catalizador en un reactor de lecho fijo o fluidizado, con el fin de garantizar la obtención de hidrocarburos de cadenas más largas a la del metano. Entre los productos líquidos derivados de esta síntesis se tienen: diesel, nafta, crudo sintético, metanol, dimetil éter, olefinas, gasolinas, amonio, entre otros, los cuales poseen un alto valor agregado.

Los catalizadores para la síntesis de Fischer-Tropsch que se conocen actualmente son de níquel, para la hidrogenación de grasas y productos químicos, de hierro y de cobalto, para la obtención de hidrocarburos, y de cobre para la síntesis de alcoholes. Estos catalizadores con el paso del tiempo han sufrido modificaciones para incrementar su eficiencia y su selectividad, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar de forma ordenada las investigaciones sobre los diversos tipos de catalizadores empleados en los procesos de Fischer-Tropsch, con la finalidad de resumir los puntos de atención que se deben considerar para garantizar una mejor relación costo/desempeño en este tipo de procesos.

Palabras clave: Fischer-Tropsch, catalizador, soporte, selectividad, desactivación.

 

Abstract

Fischer-Tropsch process involves synthesis gas reaction (H₂ and CO), by means of a catalyst in a fixed or fluidized bed reactor, in order to obtain hydrocarbons of longer chains than methane. Liquid products derived from this synthesis are: diesel, gasoline, synthetic oil, methanol, dimethyl ether, olefins, gasoline, ammonia, etc., which have a high added value.

The currently known catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are made of nickel, to hydrogenation of fats and chemicals, iron and cobalt, to obtain hydrocarbons, and copper for the synthesis of alcohols. These catalysts have been modified to increase their efficiency and selectivity, so the aim of this paper is to present an organized research on various types of catalysts used in Fischer-Tropsch process, in order to summarize main points to be considered to ensure a better relation cost/performance in this type of processes.

Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch, catalyst, support, selectivity, deactivation.

 

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