Biotecnología

 

Cultivos de células en suspensión de Azadirachta indica para la producción de un bioinsecticida

 

Cell suspension culture of Azadirachta indica for production of a bioinsecticide

 

F. Orozco–Sánchez¹ y M. Rodríguez–Monroy²*

 

¹ Universidad Nacional de Colombia — Sede Medellín. Autopista Norte x Calle 65, Bloque 15. Medellín, Colombia.

² Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Apdo. Postal 24. Yautepec, Morelos. 62731, México. * Autor para la correspondencia: E–mail: mrmonroy@ipn.mx

 

Recibido 14 de Noviembre 2006
Aceptado 17 de Julio 2007

 

Resumen

Azadirachta indica es una planta importante para la obtención de bioinsecticidas y la azadiractina (Aza) es el principal compuesto presente en las semillas que presenta esta actividad biológica. Sin embargo, existen limitaciones agroclimáticas para la producción de las semillas y el cultivo de células vegetales in vitro surge como una tecnología alternativa y promisoria para la producción de Aza. En este trabajo, se presenta el estado del conocimiento del desarrollo del cultivo de células de A. indica y se analizan las estrategias usadas para mejorar el crecimiento y la producción de Aza. Se destacan los estudios del uso de agentes permeabilizantes de la membrana celular para liberar la Aza intracelular, la adición de precursores biosintéticos, los efectos del régimen de luz, la temperatura y la formulación de medios. A nivel de biorreactores, el tanque agitado se destaca como la configuración más reportada y los estudios abordan la evaluación de impulsores y la posibilidad de operación en un régimen por lote alimentado. Las productividades calculadas de los reportes, muestran una transferencia de los cultivos de matraces a biorreactor satisfactoria tecnológicamente y permiten vislumbrar el escalamiento futuro de los cultivos de células de A. indica para la producción de un bioinsecticida.

Palabras clave: Azadirachta indica, Azadiractina, biorreactor, bioinsecticida.

 

Abstract

Seeds of Azadirachta indica are an important source for production of bioinsecticides, being Azadirachtin (Aza) the main compound. However, agricultural and climate adversity limit the seed production, thereby plant cell culture in vitro is an alternative technology for Aza production. In this work, the state of the knowledge of A. indica cell culture is presented and the strategies for improving growth and production of Aza are analyzed. The use of cell membrane permeabilizing agents to liberate intracellular Aza, of biosynthetic precursors, light, temperature, and the effect of media culture are revised. The stirred tank bioreactor has been the most used for cell culture and the studies have been centered on impellers evaluation and the possibility of using the fed–batch regime. Calculated productivities show that the bioreactor is technologically appropriated for cultivation of A. indica cell cultures and bioinsecticide production.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Azadirachtin, bioreactor, bioinsecticide.

 

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Agradecimientos

Los autores agradecen a CONACYT (P43861) y a la SIP – IPN (20060039) por su apoyo financiero. F. Orozco S. agradece a la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores del Gobierno de México por su beca para estudios de doctorado.

 

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