Serviços Personalizados
Journal
Artigo
nova página do texto(beta)
Espanhol (pdf)
Artigo em XML
Referências do artigo
Tradução automática
Enviar este artigo por emailIndicadores
-
Citado por SciELO -
Acessos
Links relacionados
-
Similares em
SciELO
Compartilhar
Permalink
Gestión y política pública
versão impressa ISSN 1405-1079
Gest. polít. pública vol.15 no.2 Ciudad de México Jul./Dez. 2006
Experiencias relevantes
La capacitación de altos funcionarios públicos en el Reino Unido y Polonia.* Tensiones y equilibrios
The Training of High-level Civil Servants in the United Kingdom and Poland. Tensions and Balances
1Ernesto Velasco Sánchez es maestro en gerencia del sector público y gerente de proyectos en la empresa Gerencia Pública, S.C. Correo electrónico: ernestovelasco@hotmail.com.
La capacitación y el entrenamiento de los niveles superiores de los servicios civiles en el mundo están volviendo a ser el centro de atención, especialmente en los países que están en proceso de crear una burocracia profesional, eficiente, efectiva y abierta a la rendición de cuentas. Este artículo se enfoca en los retos que supone el establecimiento de un sistema de capacitación para los altos funcionarios públicos a partir del estudio de dos casos: el Reino Unido y Polonia. A pesar de las grandes diferencias existentes entre los dos países analizados, resulta interesante observar los aspectos comunes de su reforma administrativa, en la que la capacitación ha representado un papel importante; en especial, se identifican ciclos de reforma de la capacitación que se mueven entre la dispersión y la descentralización hacia esfuerzos por establecer políticas armónicas desde el centro. Esto se explica tanto por la herencia administrativa de cada país como, y sobre todo, por una constante desconfianza del liderazgo político hacia los servidores públicos de carrera. En la última sección del artículo se hacen algunos comentarios sobre la instauración de un sistema de capacitación en México en el marco del Servicio Profesional de Carrera.
Palabras clave: capacitación de funcionarios públicos; reforma administrativa; Servicio Profesional de Carrera
The training of high-level civil servants in the world is becoming the central point of attention especially in those countries that are creating a professional, efficient, effective and accountable bureaucracy. This paper focuses in the challenges inherent in the set up of such a training system for high-level civil servants from the study of two cases: the United Kingdom and Poland. Despite the great differences in the two analyzed countries, it is interesting to notice the common features of their administrative reform, where training has played an important role; particularly, there are cycles of reform ranging from dispersion and decentralization to the establishment of harmonic policy from the center. This is explained by the administrative heritage of each country and, above all, by a constant distrust of political leadership towards public career civil servants. In the last section, there are some comments on the establishment of a training system in Mexico within the Career Professional Service.
Keywords: civil servant training; administrative reform; Career Professional Service
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Alam, M.M. (1990), Civil Service Training and Development. Assessing the Role and Significance of Higher Civil Service Training in Less Developed Countries, Helsinki, Administrative Development. [ Links ]
Armstrong, M. (2001), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, Londres, Kogan Page. [ Links ]
Belka, M. (2001), "Lessons from the Polish Transition", en G. Blazyca y R. Rapacki (eds.), Poland into the New Millennium, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar. [ Links ]
Borins, S. (1999), "Trends in Training Public Managers", International Public Management Journal, vol. 2, pp. 299-314. [ Links ]
Cabinet Office (1999), Modernising Government, Londres, HMSO. [ Links ]
Cabinet Office (2003), Internal Communication AO2003/816 [documento interno]. [ Links ]
Casado i Esquius, L. (1995), 20 Qüestions clau sobre formació, Barcelona, Escuela de Administración Pública de Catalunya. [ Links ]
Cirtautas, A.M. (1995), "The Post-Leninist State. A Conceptual and Empirical Examination", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 28, pp. 379-392. [ Links ]
Clarke, J. y D. Wood (2001), "New Public Management and Development: The Case of Public Service Reform in Tanzania and Uganda", en W. McCourt y M. Minongue (eds.), The Internationalization of Public Management. Reinventing the Third World State, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar . [ Links ]
CMPS (2002), Leadership Developmentfor Senior Executives, Londres, HMSO. [ Links ]
CMPS (2003), Fast Stream 2003-2004, Londres, HMSO . [ Links ]
Collins, P. (1993), "Civil Service Reform and Retraining in Transitional Economies: Strategic Issues and Options", Public Administration and Development, vol. 13, pp. 561-572. [ Links ]
Commonwealth Secretariat (2002), Commonwealth Public Administration Reform 2003, Londres, TSO. [ Links ]
Csaba, L. (1993), "After the Shock: Some Lessons from Transition Policies in Eastern Europe", en L. Somogyi (ed.), Political Economy of the Transition Process in Eastern Europe: Proceedings of the 13 th Arne Ryde Symposium, Hants, Edward Elgar. [ Links ]
Dawson, M. (2001), "Leadership for the 21st Century in the UK Civil Service", International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 67, pp. 263-271. [ Links ]
Drewry, G. y T. Butcher (1988), The Civil Service Today, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. [ Links ]
Dunleavy, Patrick y Christopher Hood (1994), "From Old Public Administration to New Public Management", Public Money and Management, julio-septiembre, pp. 9-16. [ Links ]
Dussauge Laguna, M. (2002), "Anatomía del Servicio Civil", Foro Internacional, vol. 42, núm. 170. [ Links ]
Duverger, M. (1963), Métodos de las ciencias sociales, trad. de Alfonso Sureda, Barcelona, Ariel. [ Links ]
Dror, Y. (1997), "Delta-type Senior Civil Service for the 21st Century", International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 63, pp. 7-23. [ Links ]
Farnham, D. y S. Horton (2002), "HRM Competency Framework in the British Civil Service", en S. Horton; A. Hondeghm y D. Farnham (eds.), Competency Management in the Public Sector. European Variations on a Theme, Amsterdam, IOS Press-International Institute of Administrative Sciences. [ Links ]
Fry, G. (1997), "Great Britain", ponencia presentada en The Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 5-8 de abril. [ Links ]
Fulton, Lord (1968), The Civil Service. Report of the Committee 1966-68, Londres, HMSO. [ Links ]
Gary, H. y C.K. Prahalad (1994), Competing for the Future, Boston, Harvard Business School Press. [ Links ]
Gintowt-Jankowicz, M. (s.a.), Le role des écoles et institutions d'administration public dans la perspective de la transition, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/ documents/nispacee/unpan006449.pdf. [ Links ]
Goetz, K.H. y H. Wollmann (2001), "Governmentalizing Central Executives in Post-communist Europe: A Four-country Comparison", Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 8, pp. 864-887. [ Links ]
Goslin, R.C. (1976), "Developing and Training Senior Administrators in the U.K. Civil Service. A Review of Issues and Trends", International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 6-20. [ Links ]
Goss, D. (1994), Principles of Human Resource Management, Londres, Routledge. [ Links ]
Graham, L.S. (1993), "Revitalising Public Management Training in the Americas", Public Administration and Development, vol. 13, pp. 95-111. [ Links ]
Greenwod, J.; L. Robins y N. Walkley (1998), "Global Public Administration and Training: Common Themes or National Differences?", en M.R. Davies; J. Greenwood; L. Robins y N. Walkley (eds.), Serving the State. Global Public Administration Education and Training, Londres, Ashgate. [ Links ]
Greenwood, J.; R. Pyper y D. Wilson (2002), New Public Administration in Britain, 3a. ed., Londres, Routledge. [ Links ]
Hales, C. (2001), Managing through the Organization, 2a. ed., Londres, Bussiness Press. [ Links ]
Hamilton, C. y W. Roszkowski (1991), "Bureaucratic Poland: Organized Life inside the Maverick Society", en J. Piekalkiewicz y C. Hamilton (eds.), Public Bureaucracies between Reform and Resistance: Legacies, Trends and Effects in China, the USSR, Poland and Yugoslavia, Oxford, Berg. [ Links ]
Healy, O. (2001), "Training and Public Sector Reform: An Integrated Approach", Public Administration and Development, vol. 21, pp. 309-319. [ Links ]
Hesse, J.J. (1993), "From Transformation to Modernization: Administrative Change in Central and Easter Europe", Public Administration, vol. 71, pp. 219-257. [ Links ]
Hilderbrand, M.E. y M.S. Grindle (1997), "Building Sustainable Capacity in the Public Sector", en M.S. Grindle (ed.), Getting Good Government, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. [ Links ]
HMSO (1994), The Civil Service: Continuity and Change, Londres, Her Majesty's Stationary Office. [ Links ]
Hood, C. (1991), "A Public Management for All Seasons", Public Administration, vol. 69, pp. 3-19. [ Links ]
Hood, C. (2002), "Control, Gargaining and Cheating: The Politics of Public-service Reform", Journal of Administration Research and Theory, vol. 12, pp. 309-332. [ Links ]
Horton, S. (1999), "The Civil Service", en S. Horton y D. Farnham (eds.), Public Management in Britain, Londres, McMillan. [ Links ]
Jarvis, R. (2002), The UK Experience of Public Administration Reform, Londres, Commonwealth Secretariat [Current Good Practices and New Development in Public Service Management]. [ Links ]
Kaul, M. (1995), "The New Public Administration: Management Innovations in Government", Public Administration and Development, vol. 17, pp. 13-26. [ Links ]
Kettl, D.F. (2000), The Global Public Management Revolution, Washington, The Brookings Institution. [ Links ]
Kirkpatric, C. y P. Mann (1999), "Knowledge, Training and Development: An Overview", Public Administration and Development , vol. 19, pp. 1-3. [ Links ]
Koch, Rainer (1998), New Public Management and Management Education, Hamburgo, Universitat des Bunderwehr Hamburg [Beitrage zur Verwaltungswissenchatf Nr. 32]. [ Links ]
Kowalik, T. (2001), "The Ugly Face of Polish Success: Social Aspects of Transformation", en G. Blazyca y R. Rapacki (eds.), Poland into the New Millennium, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar. [ Links ]
Kudrycka, B. (2003), "Delivering Effective Education and Training for Public Administration Reform: The Case of Poland", en A. Rosenbaum y L. Gajdosová (eds.), State Modernization and Decentralization -Implications for Education and Training in Public Administration: Selected Central European and Global Perspectives, Bratislava, Eslovaquia, ONU-iASiA-NisPAcee. [ Links ]
Kowalik, T. (s.a.), Evaluation of Academic Programmes in the Field of Public Administration and their Degree of Europeanization. Poland, Bratislava, NISPA, http://www.nispa.sk/reports/index.htm. [ Links ]
Kulesza, M. (1993), "Options for Administrative Reform in Poland", Public Administration, vol. 71, pp. 33-40. [ Links ]
Letowska, E. (1980), "Civil Servants in Administration", en J. Letowski (ed.), Administration in People's Poland, Wroclaw, Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of State and Law. [ Links ]
Letowski, J. (1980), "Introduction", en J. Letowski (ed.), Administration in People'sPoland, Wroclaw, Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of State and Law . [ Links ]
Letowski, J. (1993), "Polish Public Administration between Crisis and Renewal", Public Administration, vol. 71, pp. 1-11. [ Links ]
Lewis, R. y C. Himsworth (1979), Public Administration Teaching in Further and Higher Education, Londres, Joint Council for Social and Public Administration. [ Links ]
Liddle, J. (1998), "Educating Public Sector Managers in Changing Public/private Sector World: Some Reflections on Current and Future Needs", Teaching Public Administration, vol. 8, pp. 60-70. [ Links ]
Maduabum, C.P. (1991), "Leadership Resistance to the Implementation of New Ideas Acquired through Training in the Nigerian Civil Service", Public Administration and Development, vol. 11, pp. 323-344. [ Links ]
Maor, M. (2000), "A Comparative Perspective on Executive Development: Trends in 11 European Countries", Public Administration, vol. 78, pp. 135-152. [ Links ]
Massey, A. (2001), "Policy, Management and Implementation", en S.P. Savage y R. Atkinson, Public Policy under Blair, Houndmills, Reino Unido, Palgrave. [ Links ]
McCourt, W. (1999), Human Resource Management in the UK Public Service: Its Practice and its Relevance to Public Reformers in South Africa, Manchester, University of Manchester [Human Resource in Development Policy and Management Paper Series 8]. [ Links ]
McCourt, W. y N. Sola (1998), "Using Training to Promote Civil Service Reform: A Tanzanian Local Government Case Study", Public Administration and Development, vol. 19, pp. 63-75. [ Links ]
Mikulowski, W. (2002), "Competencies for Countries in Transition: A Case Study of Polish Civil Service", en S. Horton; A. Hondeghm y D. Farham (eds.), Competency Management in the Public Sector. European Variations on a Theme, Amsterdam, IOS Press-International Institute of Administrative Sciences. [ Links ]
Minongue, Martin (2001), "Should Flawed Models of Public Management Be Exported?", en Willy McCourt y Martin Minongue (eds.), The Internationalization of Public Management. Reinventing the Third World State, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 20-43. [ Links ]
Mintzberg, H. (1983), Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall. [ Links ]
Nef, J. y P. Dwivedi (1985), "Training for Development Management: Reflections on Social Know-how as a Scientific and Technological System", Public Administration and Development, vol. 5, pp. 235-249. [ Links ]
Newland, C.A. (1996), "Transformational Challenges in Central and Eastern European Schools of Public Administration", Public Administration Review, vol. 56, pp. 382-389. [ Links ]
Newman J. (2001), Modernising Governance. New Labour, Policy and Society, Londres, Sage. [ Links ]
Nunberg, B. y L. Barbone (1999), "Breaking Administrative Deadlock in Poland", en B. Nunberg (ed.), The State After Communism. Administrative Transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Washington, The World Bank. [ Links ]
Odirone, S.G. (1970), Training by Objectives: An Economic Approach to Management Training, Londres, McMillan. [ Links ]
OCDE (1996), Public Service Training Systems in OECD Countries, París, OCDE. Oficina del Gabinete, véase Cabinet Office. [ Links ]
Osborne, S.P. y K. McLaughlin (2001), "The New Public Management in Context", en S.P. Osborne, K. McLaughlin y E. Ferlie, New Public Management. Current Trends and Future Prospects, Londres, Routledge. [ Links ]
Peters, B.G. (2001), The Politics of Bureaucracy, 5a. ed., Londres, Routledge. [ Links ]
Pilkington, C. (1999), The Civil Service Today, Manchester, Manchester University Press. [ Links ]
Rae, L. (1999), Using Evaluation in Training and Development, Londres, Hogan Page. [ Links ]
Reichard, C. (1998), "Education and Training for New Public Management", International Public Management Journal, vol. 1, pp. 177-194. [ Links ]
Reichard, C. (2002), "Experiments with New Teaching Models and Methods", International Public Management Review, vol. 3, núm. 2, pp. 41-54. [ Links ]
Reid, M.A. y H. Barrington (1999), Training Interventions. Promoting Learning Opportunities, Londres, CIPD. [ Links ]
Reilly, W. (1979), Training Administrators for Development. An Introduction for Public Servants and Government Officers, Londres, Heinemann Educational. [ Links ]
Rodhes, R. (1997), "Reinventing Whitehall", en W.J.M. Kickert (ed.), Public Management and Administrative Reform in Western Europe, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar . [ Links ]
Rubienska, A. (2001), "Education and Training in Public Administration and Development: What Does the Customer Really Want and are We Prepared to Provide it?", Public Administration and Development, vol. 21, pp. 342-358. [ Links ]
Schmidt, G.D. (1991), "Linking Action Training to Bureaucratic Reorientation and Institutional Reform", Public Administration and Development, vol. 11, pp. 39-55. [ Links ]
Senge, P. (1993), The Fifth Discipline, Londres, Century Books. [ Links ]
Shick, A. (1998), "Why most Developing Countries Should not Try New Zeland's Reforms", World Bank Observer, vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 123-132. [ Links ]
Shleifer, A. (1997), "Government in Transition", European Economic Review, vol. 41, pp. 385-410. [ Links ]
SIGMA (1996), Public Service Training Systems in OECD Countries, París, OCDE [SIGMA Papers 16]. [ Links ]
SIGMA (1997), Country Profiles of Civil Service Training Systems, París, OCDE [SIGMA Papers 12]. [ Links ]
Simon, Herbert A. (1957), Administrative Behaviour. A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations, 2a. ed., Nueva York, The Free Press. [ Links ]
Sims, R.R. y S. Sims (1991), "Improving Training in the Public Sector", Public Personnel Management, vol. 21, pp. 71-82. [ Links ]
Sokolewicz, W. (1980), "The System of Administration", en J. Letowski (ed.), Administration in People's Poland, Wroclaw, Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of State and Law. [ Links ]
Stanyer, J. y B. Smith (1976), Administering Britain, Glasgow, Fontana. [ Links ]
Sutch, H.; J. Petru y M. Przybyla (2000), Poland, Washington, World Bank, disponible en Przybyla (2000), Poland, Washington, World Bank, disponible en http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/rsPoland.pdf (visitado el 20/05/2006). [ Links ]
Szczerbiak, A. (2001), "Polish Politics in the New Millennium", en G. Blazyca y R. Rapacki (eds.), Poland into the New Millennium, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar. [ Links ]
Taras, W. (1993), "Changes in Polish Public Administration 1989-1992", en Joachim J. Hesse (ed.), Administrative Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe. Towards Public Sector Reform in Post-Communist Societies, Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 13-32. [ Links ]
Toonen, T. (1993), "Analysing Institutional Change and Administrative Transformation: A Comparative View", Public Administration, vol. 71, pp. 151-168. [ Links ]
Torres-Bartyzel, C. y G. Kacprowics (1999), "The National Civil Service in Poland", en T. Verjheijen (ed.), Civil Service Systems in Central and Eastern Europe, Cheltenham. [ Links ]
Villoria Mendieta, M. y E. Del Pino Matute (1997), Manual de gestión de recursos humanos en las administraciones públicas, Madrid, Tecnos. [ Links ]
Wasilewski, J. (1990), "The Patterns of Bureaucratic Elite Eecruitment in Poland in the1970s and 1980s", Soviet Studies, vol. 42, pp. 743-757. [ Links ]
Wiatr, J.J. (1995), "The Dilemmas of Re-organizing the Bureaucracy in Poland during the Democratic Transformation", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 28, pp. 153-160. [ Links ]
Winiecki, J. (1992), "The Polish Transition Programme: Underpinning, Results, Interpretations", Soviet Studies, vol. 44, pp. 809-835. [ Links ]
Zubek, R. (2001), "A Core in Check: The Transformation of the Polish Core Executive", Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 8, pp. 864-887. [ Links ]
ENTREVISTAS
Rossister, Tony (2003), Civil Service College, Centre for Management and Policy Studies, Londres, 10 de septiembre. [ Links ]
Ruiz Veyra, Katya (2006), directora de Capacidades, Unidad del Servicio Profesional de Carrera, Secretaría de la Función Pública, México, 31 de marzo. [ Links ]
Shaw, Tony (2003), Civil Service College, Centre for Management and Policy Studies, Londres, 10 de septiembre. [ Links ]
*Este artículo presenta resultados de la investigación realizada por el autor para la elaboración de su tesis de maestría en la Universidad de Birmingham. Se agradece el apoyo financiero del Consejo Británico y de la Secretaría de Educación Pública y a los integrantes del Departamento de Desarrollo Internacional de la Escuela de Política Pública de la Universidad de Birmingham por sus aportes y guía académica. La investigación se nutrió de los comentarios del doctor Adrian Campbell, la maestra Annie Rubienska y Cristina Galíndez.
Recibido: 08 de Marzo de 2004; Aprobado: 20 de Junio de 2005
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
