Notas científicas

 

Geographic differences and annual stability in length-weight relationships of fish mullets (Pisces: Mugilidae)

 

Diferencias geográficas y estabilidad anual en la relación peso-longitud de peces mugílidos (Pisces: Mugilidae)

 

Ana Laura Ibáñez

 

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Departamento de Hidrobiología. Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina. México, D.F. 09340 México. e-mail: ana@xanum.uam.mx

 

Recibido: 27 de noviembre de 2013.
Aceptado: 30 de octubre de 2014.

 

Abstract

Length-weight relationships are essential in fisheries science since they are used to calculate fish yield. Even though spatial and temporal differences in length-weight relationships are known to exist, it is frequently understood that length-weight relationships do not vary within near stocks. In order to probe this, we analyze the length-weight relationships for 384 Mugil cephalus and 652 specimens of M. curema from commercial captures on two locations of the Mexican Pacific coast and seven along the Gulf of Mexico including the US. In the locations of the Mexican Gulf of Mexico coast contiguous years were sampled. Results show that the parameter b ranged from 2.15 to 3.87 for M. cephalus and from 2.39 to 3.11 for M. curema. No significant differences were found between regions. Even though the b values for M. cephalus are higher in northern locations (USA samples) while for M. curema b values increase in low latitudes with more tropical characteristics. Most of the results showed negative allometric values, which seems to indicate that commercial captures are mainly represented by young adults. No significant differences between years were detected for both species. Plot of log a vs b showed no significant differences between species form pointing out that both are similar-looking with fusiform shape. This resemblance demonstrates that the species of the genus Mugil are characterized by much conserved morphological features, which noticeably obstruct taxonomic determination.

Keywords: Gulf of Mexico, length-weight relationship, Mexican coasts, Mugil cephalus, Mugil curema.

 

RESUMEN

Las relaciones talla-peso son importantes en la ciencia pesquera porque generalmente se emplean para obtener rendimientos pesqueros. Aunque se sabe que existen diferencias de dicha relación entre diferentes zonas geográficas frecuentemente se piensa que la relación talla-peso no varía entre zonas cercanas. Así, para analizar la variación espacial y temporal de esta relación se estimó la relación talla-peso para 384 y 652 ejemplares de Mugil cephalus y M. curema respectivamente, provenientes de la captura comercial en dos localidades de las costas mexicanas del Pacífico y siete del Golfo de México incluyendo las de E.U.A. Para el Golfo de México se realizaron colectas durante dos años contiguos. Los resultados mostraron que el parámetro b varió en un intervalo de 2.15 a 3.87 para M. cephalus y de 2.39 a 3.11 para M. curema. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las diferentes localidades de colecta. Sin embargo, los valores de b en M. cephalus fueron mayores para las localidades de EUA, mientras que para M. curema el valor de b se incrementó en las latitudes menores de ambientes más tropicales. La mayoría de los resultados mostraron relaciones de alometría negativa, lo que parece indicar que las capturas comerciales están representadas fundamentalmente por adultos jóvenes. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los años de recolecta para ambas especies. La relación entre el logaritmo de a sobre b, mostró que no hay diferencias significativas entre la forma de las especies: ambas son fusiformes. Este resultado nuevamente prueba lo conservador de la morfología del género Mugil lo que dificulta notoriamente la determinación taxonómica de las especies debido a la similitud entre ellas.

Palabras clave: Costas mexicanas, Golfo de México, Mugil cephalus, Mugil curema, relación talla-peso.

 

The striped mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 is distributed in all oceans from 42°N to 42°S (De Silva & Silva, 1979), whereas Mugil curema Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1836, the white mullet, is basically an American species with recent reports in western African waters (Durand et al., 2012). In Mexico, both fish mullets represent one of the 10 most important fisheries, based on their high catch volumes, which surpass 12,500 t yr^-1 (Conapesca-Sagarpa, 2012), 67% of the total catch is registered in the northwestern lagoons of the Gulf of Mexico.

According to Petrakis and Stergiou (1995) the weight-length relationship is a practical index of the condition of fish and also is useful for between-regions life-history comparisons. In addition, this relationship can be used to estimate weight at a given length since to get the length of a fish is more easy and accurate that the weight. Even though spatial differences in length-weight relationships are known to exist, it is frequently understood that length-weight relationships do not vary within near stocks. In order to probe this we analyze the length-weight relationships for 384 Mugil cephalus and 652 specimens of M. curema on two locations of the Mexican Pacific coast and seven along the Gulf of Mexico including the USA. Also time variation on length-weight relationship was analyzed since contiguous years were sampled on locations of the Gulf of Mexico coast.

The hypotheses test that the condition factor "b" will be the same in all locations sampled and as well this "b" factor is the same between contiguous sampled years.

Field studies were conducted from commercial captures during the fishing season of both species from November to February of 2009-2011 (Fig. 1, Table 1). For all Mexican locations in the Gulf of Mexico two contiguous years were sampled on similar days each year. Tamiahua Lagoon had also a third collection during year 2011.Total individuals were 384 and 652, captured from commercial samples with gill net of 76-89 mm and 51-64 mm mesh size for M. cephalus and M. curema, respectively. Samples were identified and measured for total length (TL) to the nearest 0.1 cm and weighed (total weight, W) to the nearest 0.1 g.

The parameters of the allometric ratios between total length (TL), taken as the independent variable, and total weight (W) taken as the dependent variable was calculated by the equation: W = a TL^b.

Where: W = Total weight, TL = total length and a and b are the parameters of the allometric ration between W and TL. The hypothesis of isometric growth was tested by Student's t-test (level of significance α < 0.05):

Where t_s is the value of t, b is the slope of the length/weight relationship and Sb is the error standard of the slope. Also t-test was used

to determine whether the slope b differ between years from the same location. For M. curema information from one-way ANOVA was used to determine whether locations differ. For M. cephalus comparisons were done by Kruskal-Wallis analysis since homoscedasticity was not achieved.

In order to detect outliers in weight-length relationships a robust regression analysis of log a over b (Froese, 2006) was estimated for each species and the regression lines were compared by ancova. Twenty four and sixteen estimates of weight-length relationships were available from Binohlan and Pauly (2013) at Fishbase for M. cephalus and M. curema, respectively; they were used to do a comparison with current data from this study.

Length-weight relationships of M. cephalus and M. curema are summarized in Table 1. The parameter b ranged from 2.15 to 3.87 for M. cephalus and from 2.39 to 3.11 for M. curema. The b values for M. cephalus are higher in northern locations (Texas samples) while for M. curema b values increase in low latitudes. For both species most of the results showed negative allometric values (Table 1). No significant differences between years (data not showed) and locations were detected (F (4,5) = 0.597, p = 0.681 for M. curema and x² (3, N = 7) = 4.571, p = 0.206 for M. cephalus analysis).

Since the mullet fishery develops during the same time of year each year then no seasonal variation could be analyzed. Size was similar for different locations with the exception of Cuyutlán lagoon that in M. cephalus showed the highest and in M. curema lowest values of total length, respectively.

In order to provide a more species-specific overall relationship, data from all locations were plotted in Figure 2. It is evident that every decrease in the slope of the regression line will lead to an increase in the intercept, and vice-versa. Most of the results show negative allometric or isometric values with exception of San Antonio Bay (b = 3.87 for M. cephalus, Fig. 2 symbols in grey). Values from the Fishbase (Fig. 2 symbols in white) data depict similar performance with mixed results with current data from this study and between species. When comparing parameters of the plot of log a over b no differences were found between species (p = 0.134).

Gerritsen and McGrath (2007) found that a bias of up to 10% could occur in biomass estimates as a result of applying length-weight relationships of one neighboring stock with different relationship. In this sense we recommend to do the L-W estimation by location if possible even though no statistical differences were found since small (non significant) variation could lead to biomass bias considering the low expense of obtaining precise length-weight relationships.

As Froese (2006) mentioned the expected range of 2.5 < b < 3.5 for fish is confirmed here and also in the River basin at the south east of the Iberian Peninsula where M. cephalus showed isometric growth (b = 3) (Andreu-Soler et al., 2006) and positive allometric growth (b = 3.36) at Mar Menor coastal lagoon (Western Mediterranean Sea) (Verdiell-Cubedo et al., 2006). The b values for M. cephalus are bigger in northern locations (USA samples) while for M. curema b values increase in low latitudes. One explanation could be that specimens sampled for this study come from over-exploited fisheries with exception of the USA samples; as well colder waters could favor the striped mullet condition. On the other hand, M. curema b values increase in low latitudes, thus suggesting that this species adapt better to tropical environments (Moore, 1974).

Lowest values of b coincide with samples with small sizes specimens that might contain more young adults, younger specimens less robust. At least this is visibly correct for the lower b value from M. cephalus from Madre Lagoon (1^st year) and for M. curema of Madre Lagoon (1^st year), Cazones (1^st year) and Cuyutlán, Colima. Inferring ages from Ibáñez-Aguirre et al. (1999) for Tamiahua Lagoon, fishermen appear to be catching mainly specimens of ages between 3 and 5 years for M. cephalus and from 1 to 3 years for M. curema. According to Ibáñez-Aguirre and Gallardo-Cabello (2004), the first sexual maturation in Tamiahua Lagoon was at 3 yr and 1 yr of age for M. cephalus and M. curema, respectively. Consequently the commercial specimens are mainly based in young adults. Different growth stanzas have been experimentally studied since 1949 by Martin. He found that while in most species of fish the exponent b is close to 3 this index could change by strong changes in temperature or by starvation. Safran (1992) theoretically analyzed the weight-length relationship in fish juveniles and its possible linkage with the fractal theory and the saltatory ontogeny. Also, Stergiou and Fourtouni (1991) explored growth stanzas of Zeus faber Linnaeus 1758 and found them to be correlated with ontogenetic shifts in diet.

Another cause of extreme values of b could be due to other characteristic of the sample. Carlander (1977) demonstrated that values of b < 2.5 or >3.5 are often derived from samples with narrow size ranges, he arrived to this results since a robust regression analysis found the slope of absolute residuals vs fraction of maximum length to be negative and significantly different from zero, i. e. residuals were becoming smaller with the increase in length-range used. In our case this is truth for the samples of the first year from Madre Lagoon for both species and for Cuyutlán and Cazones (1^st year) collects for M. cephalus and M. curema, respectively.

As can be seen the allometric index is highly sensible to data sampling. If we want to analyze samples by month to detect seasonal variation data collection should include as many months as possible. In our study we sampled in the same season in the same areas during the fishing season. This gave us information on the fishery season for both species but is not representative of the different growth stanzas or between juveniles and adults. Nevertheless, this study verified that the capture is mainly represented by slim adults or young-adults since most of the results showed negative allometric values and samples of this study came from commercial capture.

Plot of log a vs b showed no significant differences between species form pointing out that both are similar-looking with fusiform shape. The species similarity of the parameters of the plot of log a over b points out that there are not outliers and that both species depict similar-looking fusiform shape. While exploring such relationship with several length-weight Fishbase available relationships (Binohlan & Pauly, 2013), both species follow same performance, particularly on parameter b. The variation in log a is mainly a function of the body shape of the respective populations, specimens could be slimmer or more robust probably due to age or diet conditions. This resemblance demonstrates that the species of the genus Mugil are characterized by much conserved morphological features, which noticeably obstruct taxonomic determination.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The study was supported by funding from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa (UAMI) and from the Secretaría de Educación Pública and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología SEP-CONACYT, Ciencia Básica: 2011-01-165569 (Conferred to UAMI 2012-2015). Many thanks to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, USA to Mark Fisher (Science Director), Jerry Mambretti (Sabine Lake Ecosystem Leader), Norman Boyd (San Antonio Bay Ecosystem Leader) and James Simons (A & M Texas University) who collected the Mugil cephalus samples from Texas. The author is grateful to Paola Castillo, Elaine Espino, Eddie Espinosa, Juan Juárez, Eloísa Pacheco and Angel Romero who helped in Mexican collections.

 

REFERENCES

Andreu-Soler, A., F. J. Oliva-Paterna & M. Torralva. 2006. A review of length-weight relationships of fish from the Segura River basin (SE Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 295-296.         [ Links ]

Binohlan, C. & D. Pauly. The LENGTH-WEIGHT Table. Available online at: http://www.fishbase.org/manual/fishbasethe_length_weight_table.htm (downloaded November 12, 2013).         [ Links ]

Carlander, K. D. 1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 2. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, I.A. 431 p.         [ Links ]

CONAPESCA-SAGARPA. 2012. Anuario estadístico pesquero 2010. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). México, D. F. 289 p.         [ Links ]

De Silva, S. S. & E. I. L. Silva. 1979. Biology of young grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L., populations in a coastal lagoon in Sri Lanka. Journal of Fish Biology 15: 9-20.         [ Links ]

Durand, J. D., K. N. Shen, w. J. Chen, B. w. Jamandre, H. Blel, K. Diop, M. Nirchio, F. J. García de León, A. K. whitfield, C. W. Chang & P. Borsa. 2012. Systematics of the grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae): Molecular phylogenetic evidence challenges two centuries of morphology-based taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 73-92.         [ Links ]

Froese, R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 241-253.         [ Links ]

Gerritsen, H. D. & D. McGrath. 2007. Significant differences in the length-weight relationships of neighbouring stocks can result in biased biomass estimates: Examples of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus, L.) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus, L.). Fisheries Research 85: 106-111.         [ Links ]

Ibáñez-Aguirre, A. L., M. Gallardo-Cabello & x. Chiappa-Carrara. 1999. Growth analysis of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, and white mullet, M. curema (Pisces:Mugilidae) in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 97 (4): 861-872.         [ Links ]

Ibáñez-Aguirre, A. L. & M. Gallardo-Cabello. 2004. Reproduction of Mugil cephalus and M. curema (Pisces:Mugilidae) from a coastal lagoon to the northwest of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 75: 37-49        [ Links ]

Martin, w. R. 1949. The mechanics of environmental control of body form in fishes. Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory 58: 1-91.         [ Links ]

Moore, R. H. 1974. General ecology, distribution and relative abundance of Mugil cephalus and Mugil curema on the south Texas coast. Contributions in Marine Science 18: 241-245.         [ Links ]

Petrakis, G. & K. I. Stergiou. 1995. Weight-length relationships for 33 fish species in Greek waters. Fisheries Research 21: 465-469.         [ Links ]

Stergiou, K. I. & H. Fourtouni. 1991. Food habits, ontogenetic diet shift and selectivity in Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758. Journal of Fish Biology 39: 589-603.         [ Links ]

Safran, P. 1992. Theoretical analysis of the weight-length relationship in fish juveniles. Marine Biology 112: 545-551.         [ Links ]

Verdiell-Cubedo, D., F. J. Oliva-Paterna & M. Torralva, M. 2006. Length-weight relationships for 22 fish species of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (western Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 293-294.         [ Links ]