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Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
versão impressa ISSN 0188-4999
Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient vol.22 no.1 Ciudad de México Jan./Mar. 2006
Articles
INFLUENCE OF TWO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON SPORE GERMINATION, AND PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF Gigaspora margarita-Echynochloa polystachya SYMBIOSIS IN BENZO[a]PYRENE-POLLUTED SUBSTRATE
1 Microbiología de Suelos. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo. Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Estado de México. México
2 Department of Horticultural Sciences. Texas A&M University. College Station 77843-2133, Texas. EUA
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous microorganisms that occur in contaminated soils. However, little is known about the responses of AMF with organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The first objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two PAH on spore germination of Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall. Water-agar plates were contaminated with phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at several concentrations: 0, 25 (0.1 mM BaP & 0.15 PHE), 50 (0.2 mM BaP & 0.3 mM PHE), 75 (0.3 mM BaP & 0.45 mM PHE), and 100 μg mL-1 (0.4 mM BaP & 0.6 mM PHE), respectively. The second objective consisted on the evaluation of the responses of the symbiosis between G. margarita and Echinochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitch. to increased concentrations of BaP (0, 25 (0.1 mM), 50 (0.2 mM), 75 (0.3 mM), and 100 mg kg-1 (0.4 mM) under plant growth chamber conditions. Spore germination and hyphal length were drastically reduced by PHE. Reduction of spore germination was higher than 90% in presence of PHE. In presence of BaP, spore germination reduction was 42.8% when exposed at 100 μg mL-1 (0.4 mM). Spores that germinated in presence of 75 (0.3 mM) and 100 (0.4 mM) μg BaP mL-1 had greater hyphal elongation. BaP did not affect shoot dry mass of non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal E. polystachya. Mycorrhizal plants showed higher dehydrogenase activity in the rhizosphere soil at 0, 0.2 and 0.3 mM BaP, but reduced root polyphenol oxidase activity at 0 and 0.1 and higher at 0.3 mM BaP than non-mycorhizal plants. Dissipation of BaP was higher in non-mycorrhizal plants than mycorrhizal plants. Echinochloa polystachya showed an intrinsic capability on dissipating PAH from its rhizosphere.
Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; PAH; rhizosphere
Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son microorganismos cosmopolitas que se pueden encontrar en suelos contaminados. No obstante, pocos estudios se han enfocado a la evaluación de las respuestas de HMA ante contaminantes orgánicos como los hidrocarburos poliaromáticos (HAP). El primer objetivo de este trabajo consideró la evaluación del efecto de dos HAP sobre la germinación de esporas de Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall. Placas con agar-agua fueron contaminadas con fenantreno (PHE) o benzo[a]pireno (BaP) en diferentes concentraciones: 0, 25 (0.1 mM BaP y 0.15 PHE), 50 (0.2 mM BaP y 0.3 mM PHE), 75 (0.3 mM BaP y 0.45 mM PHE), y 100 μg mL-1 (0.4 mM BaP y 0.6 mM PHE), respectivamente. El segundo objetivo consistió en la evaluación de las respuestas de la simbiosis entre G. margarita y Echinochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitch. ante la presencia de diferentes concentraciones de BaP (0, 25 (0.1 mM), 50 (0.2 mM), 75 (0.3 mM), y 100 mg kg-1 (0.4 mM), bajo condiciones de cámara de crecimiento. La germinación de esporas y longitud hifal fueron significativamente inhibidas por PHE, el cual produjo una disminución del 92%. En el caso de BaP, la germinación de esporas disminuyo en 42.8% ante 100 μg mL-1 (0.4 mM). Las esporas que germinaron en presencia de 75 (0.3 mM) y 100 (0.4 mM) μg BaP mL-1, tuvieron mayor elongación hifal. La presencia del BaP no produjo efectos negativos en el peso seco de la parte aérea de E. polystachya con la inoculación o no del HMA. Las rizosferas de plantas micorrizadas presentaron mayor actividad deshidrogenasa ante 0, 0.2 y 0.3 mM BaP, pero reducida actividad polifenoloxidasa en la raíz ante 0 y 0.1, y mayor ante 0.3 mM BaP, en comparación con plantas no inoculadas. La disipación del BaP de la rizosfera fue mayor en plantas no inoculadas en comparación con plantas micorrizadas. Echinochloa polystachya al parecer tiene una capacidad intrínseca para disipar BaP de su rizosfera.
Palabras clave: hongos micorrízicos arbusculares; HAP; rizósfera
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Received: January 2006; Accepted: April 2006
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