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Acta botánica mexicana

versión On-line ISSN 2448-7589versión impresa ISSN 0187-7151

Act. Bot. Mex  no.130 Pátzcuaro  2023  Epub 19-Abr-2024

https://doi.org/10.21829/abm130.2023.2179 

Artículos de investigación

Nutritional and nutraceutical components of four Cantharellus (Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales) species from the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico

Componentes nutrimentales y nutraceúticos de cuatro especies de Cantharellus (Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales) de La Región de Las Montañas, Veracruz, México

Edgar Josué Hernández-Marañón1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8006-7923

Antonio Andrade Torres2 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9387-0483

Jie Chen3 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9298-4892

Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-9221

Jesús Pérez-Moreno4 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5216-8313

Anahí Hernández-Marañón5 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-8483

Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández1  6 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-3478

1Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Orizaba-Córdoba, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez S/N, Peñuela, 94945 Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, México.

2Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Cuerpo Acádemico-173 Ecología y Manejo de la Biodiversidad, Emiliano Zapata, 91090 Xalapa, Veracruz, México.

3Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco. Unidad Académica de Biotecnología y Agroindustrial, C. 22 Sur, Reserva Territorial, C.P. 94116, Huatusco, Mexico.

4Colegio de Postgraduados, km 36.5 carretera México-Texcoco, Campus Montecillo, 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México.

5Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, 07738 Ciudad de México, México.


Abstract:

Background and Aims:

Cantharellus species are traded in agricultural markets of the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico, as an appreciated mushroom. The objective of this study was to analyze nutrients and nutraceutical properties in four Cantharellus species from Veracruz: antioxidant activity, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and β-carotene; as well as the nutritional properties: dry matter, total ashes, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, moisture, carbohydrates and energy value of four wild edible mushrooms (Cantharellus violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis, C. roseocanus y Cantharellus sp.).

Methods:

Basidiomas of Cantharellus spp. were collected in the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico. The ITS and tef-1α regions were amplified and sequenced. Species were identified molecularly based on the BLAST results. Samples were lyophilized and stored at 4 °C in vacuum bags for the preservation of nutraceutical and nutritional compounds. A methanol-water mixture (80:20 v/v) was used to extract the nutraceutical compounds and to analyze them by spectrophotometric techniques.

Key results:

In general, outstanding values were found in C. violaceovinosus both in crude protein content (8.04 g/100 g-1) and in antioxidant capacity 2.28 mg TE/g extract. For flavonoids, C. roseocanus showed 2.98 mg QE/g extract and 6.23±0.68 mg/g of carotene. In addition, a high energy value was found in C. violaceovinosus (266.53 Kcal/100g) and C. roseocanus (222.73±15.43 Kcal/100 g). The nutritional and nutraceutical content of C. violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis and C. roseocanus is presented for the first time.

Conclusions:

The results show these species from nutritional and nutraceutical perspectives. Cantharellus violaceovinosus showed the highest values of the parameters evaluated. The consumption of these species constitutes an alternative source of protein and nutraceutical components that contribute to food security.

Key words: antioxidant capacity; nutraceutical compounds; nutritional content; wild mushrooms

Resumen:

Antecedentes y Objetivos:

Las especies de Cantharellus se comercializan en los mercados agrícolas de la Región de Las Montañas, Veracruz, México, como un hongo apreciado. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los nutrientes y propiedades nutracéuticas en cuatro especies de Cantharellus de Veracruz: capacidad antioxidante, fenoles totales, flavonoides, ácido ascórbico, licopeno y caroteno; así como las propiedades nutricionales: materia seca, cenizas totales, proteína bruta, grasa, fibra bruta, humedad, carbohidratos y valor energético de cuatro hongos silvestres comestibles (Cantharellus violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis, C. roseocanus and Cantharellus sp.).

Métodos:

Se colectaron basidiomas de Cantharellus spp. en la Región de la Montaña, Veracruz, México. Se amplificaron las regiones ITS y tef-1α y secuenciaron. Las especies se identificaron molecularmente en base en los resultados de BLAST. Las muestras fueron liofilizadas y almacenadas a 4°C en bolsas al vacío para la conservación de compuestos nutracéuticos y nutricionales. Se utilizó una mezcla metanol-agua (80:20 v/v) para extraer los compuestos nutracéuticos y analizarlos por técnicas espectrofotométricas.

Resultados clave:

En general, se encontraron valores sobresalientes en C. violaceovinosus, tanto en contenido de proteína cruda (8.04 g/100 g-1) como en capacidad antioxidante (2.28 mg TE/g extracto). Para los flavonoides, C. roseocanus mostró 2.98 mg QE/g de extracto y 6.23±0.68 mg de caroteno/g de extracto. Además, se encontró un alto valor energético en C. violaceovinosus (266.53 Kcal/100g) y C. roseocanus (222.73±15.43 Kcal/100g) (266.53±14.64 Kcal/100g). Se presenta por primera vez el contenido nutricional y nutracéutico de C. violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis y C. roseocanus.

Conclusiones:

Los resultados muestran estas especies desde las perspectivas nutricional y nutracéutica. Cantharellus violaceovinosus mostró los valores más altos de los parámetros evaluados. El consumo de estas especies constituye una alternativa como fuentes de proteínas y componentes nutracéuticos que contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria.

Palabras clave: capacidad antioxidante; compuestos nutraceúticos; contenido nutrimental; hongos silvestres

Introduction

Edible mushrooms are an alternative that contributes to satisfy the nutritional needs of the population, mainly in developing countries, due to the low production costs, high protein content and large harvest volumes in little space and time, with a precious flavor and highly desirable aromas (Wang et al., 2014; Kalač, 2016; Guerin-Laguette et al., 2020). The nutritional value of edible mushrooms is due to their high content of crude proteins, crude fibers, vitamins, minerals, and low-fat content (Assemie and Abaya, 2022). Indeed, mushrooms are rich sources of nutraceuticals, for example, several species of Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr. In Mexico, Cantharellus cibarius Fr., collected in the state of Hidalgo, reported important components (López-Vázquez et al., 2017), whiles in other countries it has been reported to have antioxidant, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties (Barros et al., 2008a; Kumari et al., 2011; Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2015; Kozarski et al., 2015). The trace elements, nutrients and bioactive components of the species, as well as their apricot aroma, make these species popular among consumers worldwide (Ayaz et al., 2011; Politowicz et al., 2017). However, most of the studies of this genus refer to the physiology, taxonomy and ecology of its species (Barros et al., 2008a; Kumari et al., 2011; Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2015; Kozarski et al., 2015).

In the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico, the climatic conditions, and its enormous biodiversity originate unique characteristics that are conducive to the growth of a huge amount of edible wild ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. In Mexico an important mycological richness is measured, positioning itself worldwide as the second reservoir of edible species, only behind China (Wu et al., 2019; Pérez-Moreno et al., 2020). Some of these species have a high gastronomic value. In recent years, new Cantharellus species have been reported in this region and are locally appreciated as choice wild edible mushrooms (Herrera et al., 2018; Montoya et al., 2021). Despite the popularity of edible species of the genus Cantharellus in agricultural markets in the region, there are no data on their nutritional and nutraceutical values. Therefore, it is essential to realize such investigations, to improve the conservation and valuation of these natural resources and their habitats (Barros et al., 2008b).

The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional and nutraceutical composition of four species of wild ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Cantharellus from the mountain region, Veracruz, Mexico.

Materials and Methods

Sampling

Basidiomas of Cantharellus spp. were collected in different locations in the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico, during June-October in the period 2019-2021 (Fig. 1). Fresh samples were dried using a freeze dry system (Labconco 4.5 Plus, Kansas, USA) and stored in vacuum sealed bags in complete darkness at 4 °C to preserve their bioactive components for further nutritional analysis. Specimens were deposited in the Herbarium CORU “Jerzy Rzedowski Rotter” of Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Veracruzana, Campus Córdoba, Mexico.

Figure 1: Map of the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico. Elaborated with QGIS v. 3.18.3 (QGIS Development Team, 2023). 

DNA isolation, PCR amplification and sequencing

DNA was isolated from dried specimens using a commercial DNA extraction kit (Plant/Fungi DNA Isolation Kit, Norgen Biotek Corp, Ontario, Canada). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified following the protocol of White et al. (1990), by using primers ITS3 and ITS4. The transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) was amplified using the primers tef1F and tef1R (Morehouse et al., 2003). The PCR products were purified and sequenced (Macrogen, 2023). Forward and reverse reads were assembled and edited with SeqMan Pro v. 7.1.0 (DNASTAR, 2023).

DNA sequence assembly and species identification

New sequences generated from this study were deposited in GenBank (Clark et al., 2016). Initial BLAST® (Altschul et al., 1990) searches of both ITS and tef-1α sequences were performed to estimate similarity with Cantharellus sequences in GenBank (GenBank, 2023). Species were identified molecularly based on the BLAST® results.

Standards and reagents

The reagents used in this study such as Folin-Ciocalteu phenol, gallic acid, aluminium chloride, sodium hydroxide, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetic anhydride, sulfuric acid, acetone, petroleum ether, and methanol, Sodium Carbonate, Quercetin, were all purchased through Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA).

Preparation of samples

A stock solution was prepared for nutraceutical analyses. One gram of lyophilized mushroom sample was extracted with 20 ml of 80:20 methanol-water. The extract was allowed to settle for 60 min and was subsequently subjected to three cycles of 5 min each, in an ultrasound (CIVEQ 8892, Mexico City, Mexico) and finally filtered through Whatman No. 4 paper. The extracts were stored at 4 °C for the analysis of bioactive compounds (Barros et al., 2008a; Ferreira et al., 2009).

Nutritional value analysis

The chemical composition (dry matter, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, energetic value, and ashes) of the fungal samples were analyzed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists procedures (AOAC, 1995).

The moisture content was determined by the loss of mass weight that occurs when the material is heated (AOAC, 1995). The crude protein content (N 4.38) of the samples was estimated by the Kjeldahl method (Micro Kjeldahl Digestor, Labconco, Kansas, USA). Crude fat was determined by extracting 2 g of pulverized mushrooms with petroleum ether, using a Soxhlet apparatus (PYREX, Mexico City, Mexico); the ash content was determined by incineration at 600±15 °C (Felisa® Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico); the method for Crude fiber is determined gravimetrically after chemical digestion and solubilization of other materials in present.

Total Carbohidrates=100-[humidity g+protein g+fat g+ash g]

Total energy was calculated according to the following equation (AOAC, 1995):

Energy (kJ) = 17 × (g protein + g carbohydrate) + 37 × (g lipid)

using the following formula:

Total carbohydrates = 100 - (g moisture + g protein + g fat + g ash

Determination of total bioactive compounds

Bioactive compounds were determined after 80% methanolic extraction. Phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carotenoids were determined according to the methodology described by Barros et al. (2008a). The antioxidant activity was carried out according to the protocol of Barros et al. (2007a), with some modifications.

Total phenol content

For the determination of phenolic compounds in the fungal extracts, 1 ml sample was mixed with 1 ml of Folin and Ciocalteu phenol reagent. After 3 min, 1 ml of a saturated sodium carbonate solution was added to the mixture and adjusted to 10 ml with distilled water. The reaction was kept in the dark for 90 min, and then the absorbance at 725 nm was measured (Spectrophotometer, Thermo ScientificTM EvolutionTM 260, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Gallic acid was used to prepare the standard curve (0.01-0.1 mg/ml) (Y = 0.091848 + 0.057127x; R2 = 0.9997). The results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of extract.

Total flavonoid content

Zero point five ml of the methanolic extract was mixed with 0.1 ml of 10% aluminum nitrate and 0.1 ml of 1 M potassium acetate. Subsequently, 4.3 ml of 80% methanol was added, leaving it to stand for 40 min, then absorbance was read at 415 nm. Quercetin (0-100 mg/l) was used to prepare the standard curve (Y = 0.010852 + 0.091128x; R2 = 0.9997). The results were expressed in mg of Quercetin Equivalent (QE) per g of extract.

Ascorbic acid content

Five ml of ascorbic acid standard solution was mixed with 5 ml of HPO3. The mixture was titrated with 2.6 dichlorophenolindophenol until it presented a pink color that was maintained for 15 seconds. The ascorbic acid staining factor was determined using the following formula:

dilution factor=0.5Titration value

Subsequently, 2 ml of the sample was mixed to 10 ml with HPO3, filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter paper. A 0.5 ml aliquot of the extract was taken and titrated with the dye (Barros et al., 2008a).

β-carotene and lycopene content

For β-carotene and lycopene determination, 100 mg of dry methanolic extract were mixed vigorously with 10 ml of acetone-hexane (4:6) for 1 min and filtered through Whatmann nº 4. The absorbance of the filtrate was read at 453, 505, and 663 nm. The β-carotene and lycopene content were calculated by applying the following equations:

β-carotene (mg/100ml) = 0.216 × A663 - 0.304 × A505 + 0.452 × A453

Lycopene (mg/100ml) = -0.0458 × A663 + 0.372 × A505 -0.0806 × A453

The results were expressed as mg of carotenoid and lycopene per g of extract.

Antioxidant activity

The antioxidant capacity was determined based on the method described by Brand-Williams et al. (1995). Zero point threeml of the previously prepared methanolic extract was taken (stored at 4 °C). A 0.1 ml sample was obtained from the supernatant, which was placed in amber flasks and mixed with 3.9 ml of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) methanolic solution with a concentration of 6 × 10-5 mol/l. Then the mixture was left to settle protected from light at room temperature for 70 min. Afterwards, the absorbance of the samples was measured in the spectrophotometer (Thermo ScientificTM EvolutionTM 260, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) at 517 nm; the control sample consisted of 0.1 ml of methanol and 3.9 ml of DPPH solution. Results were expressed as mg of Trolox Equivalent (TE) per g extract solution, using a trolox calibration curve as standard (Y = 0.58509 - 0.0214x; R2 = 0.9992).

Statistical analysis

For each of the fungal species, all the assays were carried out in triplicate. Results were expressed as mean values and standard deviation (SD). Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s HSD test with α = 0.05, using the program R software v. 4.3.0 (R Core Team, 2020).

Results

Species identification

Seven sequences were newly generated in this study. The four Cantharellus specimens were molecularly identified based on the blast results of ITS and tef-1α sequence data. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Results of GenBank BLAST® searches for ITS and tef-1α sequences of four Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr. species from Mexico. S = Similarity, QC = Query Cover, “-” = sequence data is not available. The sequences here generated are in bold. 

Species GenBank accession no.
    ITS tef-1α References
Cantharellus veraecrucis Bandala, Montoya & M. Herrera Bandala 4505 Type - MT449712 Montoya et al., 2021
  EJHM20220813 - OQ876854 S=100%, QC=79%  
Cantharellus violaceovinosus M. Herrera, V.M. Bandala & L. Montoya - - MF616521 Herrera et al., 2018
  EJHM20220814 OQ875961 OQ876855 S=99.87%, QC=84%  
Cantharellus roseocanus Redhead, Norvell & Danell) Redhead, Norvell & Moncalvo UBC F23802 KX592760 - Thorn et al., 2017
EJHM20220922 OQ875962 S=99.42%, QC=99% OQ876856 S=99.77%, QC=95%
  T. Volk CC29   JX030415 Foltz et al., 2013
Cantharellus sp. EJHM20220923 OQ875963 S=98.46%, QC=100% OQ876857 S=97.86%, QC=100%  
  C-2 LC085373 LC085470, 1 Ogawa et al., 2018

Nutritional and nutraceutical value analysis

In general, Cantharellus violaceovinosus M. Herrera, V.M. Bandala & L. Montoya showed the highest values of the parameters evaluated (expressed on dry weight basis) (Table 2). Crude protein values between 5.60 g/100 g (Cantharellus sp.) and 8.04 g/100 g (C. violaceovinosus) were found. Crude fat ranged from 4.55 g/100 g (Cantharellus sp.) to 9.67 g/100 g (C. violaceovinosus). Carbohydrates were an abundant macronutrient ranging from 4.28 g/100 g (C. veraecrucis Bandala, Montoya & M. Herrera) to 24.50 g/100 g (C. violaceovinosus). The ash content was between 3.93 g/100 g (C. roseocanus Redhead, Norvell & Danell) Redhead, Norvell & Moncalvo) and 9.22 g/100 g (C. violaceovinosus). Based on the proximal analysis, it was determined that a 100 g portion of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi can ensure an intake of 266.53 Kcal in the case of C. violaceovinosus, while the lowest caloric intake with 91.32 Kcal was recorded for C. veraecrucis.

Table 2: Approximate chemical composition (g/100 g) and energetic value (Kj/100 g) of four species of the genus Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr. Results are expressed in a dry weight basis. Values represent average values (±standard deviation) n = 3. In each column different letters mean significant differences (p<0.05) according to Tukey’s comparison of means test (α = 0.05). 

Parameter\Species Cantharellus violaceovinosus M. Herrera, V.M. Bandala & L. Montoya Cantharellus roseocanus Redhead, Norvell & Danell) Redhead, Norvell & Moncalvo Cantharellus sp. Cantharellus veraecrucis Bandala, Montoya & M. Herrera
Dry material 7.81±1.15b 6.55±0.68b 8.37±0.54b 17.05±2.49a
Crude protein 8.04±0.78b 7.74±1.06b 5.60±0.83a 7.86±0.85b
Crude fat 9.67±0.95a 9.62±0.88a 4.55±0.63b 5.8±0.42b
Crude fiber 20.98±0.91a 2.67±.05b 1.64±0.8b 2.50±.05b
Ash 9.22±1.55a 3.93±0.64b 6.49±0.73b 8.22±1.05a
Moisture 92.69±1.19a 94.45±1.32a 92.66±1.01a 84.56±1.07b
Carbohydrates 24.50±5.78a 15.25±4.34b 12.81±1.90b 4.28±1.61c
Energetic value 266.53±14.64a 222.73±15.43b 166.78±6.69c 91.32±6.46d

The main antioxidant component found (1.91-6.23 mg/g) was β-carotene extract (Table 3), followed by flavonoids 0.43-2.98 mg QE/g extract. Ascorbic acid was found in small amounts 0.16-0.17 mg/g extract. Lycopene was found in amounts ranging from 1.18 to 2.52 mg/g extract. Lower ranges were observed in total polyphenols 0.34-0.82 mg GAE/g extract. Regarding the total antioxidant activity, a range of 1.74-2.44 mg TE/g extract was detected. There were differences between the species studied in terms of the concentrations of bioactive compounds. The exception was registered for the case of lycopene where no species presented statistical differences. Cantharellus roseocanus presented the highest amount of β-carotenes and flavonoids, compared to the other three species evaluated. In contrast, C. roseocanus recorded the highest amount of polyphenols. Cantharellus sp. and C. violaceovinosus registered the highest total antioxidant activity.

Table 3: Total bioactive compounds of four species of wild ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr. values represent average values (± standard deviation) n = 3. Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p<0.05) according to Tukey’s comparison of means test (α = 0.05). 

Compounds Cantharellus violaceovinosus M. Herrera, V.M. Bandala & L. Montoya Cantharellus roseocanus Redhead, Norvell & Danell) Redhead, Norvell & Moncalvo Cantharellus sp. Cantharellus veraecrucis Bandala, Montoya & M. Herrera
Antioxidants (mg TE/g extract) 2.28±0.04ab 1.74±0.04c 2.44±0.06a 2.22±0.10b
Polyphenols (mg GAE/g extract) 0.34±0.02c 0.82±0.02c 0.39±0.01b 0.62±0.07a
Flavonoids (mg QE/g extract) 0.43±0.12c 2.98±0.26a 0.43±0.01c 0.51±0.03b
Ascorbic acid (mg/g extract) 0.16±0.01ab 0.17±0.01a 0.18±0.01a 0.12±0.01b
Lycopene (mg/g extract) 2.52±0.38a 2.55±1.23a 2.14±0.38a 1.18±0.11a
β-Carotene (mg/g extract) 3.97±0.95b 6.23±0.68a 3.67±0.62b 1.91±0.15c

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nutritional and nutraceutical report of C. violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis and C. roseocanus in Mexico. The analyzed mushrooms contain valuable nutraceuticals such as phenols, ascorbic acid and β-carotenoids that could be extracted to be used as functional ingredients, specifically against microbial infections, food safety through food diversification, and soil restoration using mycorrhizal plants (Pérez-Moreno et al., 2021).

Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms are rich sources of protein with low amounts of fat with almost 400 species of edible mushrooms in Mexico second only to China (Garibay-Orijel and Ruan-Soto, 2014; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2016). Their conservation is associated with its hosts in Mexico, the genera Pinus L. and Quercus L., stand out, as it is one of their diversification centers (Romero-Sánchez et al., 2018; Castillo-Mendoza et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the sustainable management of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi is important, since they support the production of fruiting bodies (Gernandt and Pérez-de la Rosa, 2014; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2016).

In this study, six antioxidant activities are reported: total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, lycopene and β-carotene, as well as its total antioxidant activity. A report of species of the genus Cantharellus shows similar levels of flavonoids and β-carotene (Kumari et al., 2011). On the other hand, the same authors report a higher level of polyphenol (7.67-12.46 mg GAE/g extract) than this study. Compared to other edible species, Vega et al. (2022) reported a total polyphenols level from 1.87 to 3.03 mg GAE/g extract in Pleurotus djamor (Rumph. ex Fr.) Boedijn. In Latin America, commercial Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kumm. production is mainly generated in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Guatemala. It is known that the characteristics of the fungi are affected by different factors such as the species, strain, host, harvest time, management techniques, edaphoclimatic conditions and ecosystem conditions, among others (Manzi et al., 2004; Agrahar-Murugkar and Subbulakshmi, 2005).

Total antioxidant values in edible mushrooms of regional importance are diverse, such as Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm, which could present values of 4.3 to 9.0 mg of TE/g extract (Stastny et al., 2022), while in this study C. violaceovinosus showed 2.28 mg of TE/g extract. This characteristic is important since according to the health authorities, it is considered that prevention and treatment with nutraceuticals is a powerful instrument to maintain and promote health, longevity, and life quality of the population (Barros et al., 2008a).

It should be noted that the species Cantharellus cibarius is the one with the largest number of reports on its chemical and nutraceutical composition (Barros, et al., 2007b; Ferreira et al., 2009). The chemical composition of Cantharellus cibarius in other countries was previously described from India, and contains protein as the main macronutrient (Agrahar-Murugkar and Subbulakshmi, 2005; Kumari et al., 2011), while in the Mexican samples of the species investigated here, the main component is carbohydrates, representing a source of nutrients and nutraceuticals. Therefore, these fungal species represent a source of nutrients and nutraceuticals as an alternative in the diet of the inhabitants of the municipalities of the Mountain Region where there are indices of marginalization and, both, poverty and extreme poverty (CONEVAL, 2020).

These mushrooms represent a growing segment of the current food industry (Willis, 2018). In the species studied C. violaceovinosus showed the highest values of the parameters evaluated. For this reason, the Cantharellus species reported in this study can be used directly in the diet and to promote health, taking advantage of the antioxidant molecules, and additive and synergistic effects tthat is bioactive components could have (Barros et al., 2008a).

Acknowledgments

We also thank Enrique Flores-Andrade for his invaluable support and facilities.

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Author contribution

EJHM, AHM and RNP collected and processed samples for chemical analysis. JC and RCLH contributed to DNA extraction and molecular analysis. JPM and AAT performed the data integration, analysis and interpretation of the results. All authors contributed to the writing, discussion, review, and approval of the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Grant 316998 (CONACYT).

Received: February 04, 2023; Revised: March 22, 2023; Accepted: May 16, 2023; Published: June 12, 2023

6Author for the correspondence: rllarena@uv.mx

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