1. Introduction

The Non Relativistic Schrödinger equation (SE) is one of the central equations in quantum physics which still attracts strong interest of both physicists and mathematicians. However, solving this equation is often very difficult, also obtaining exact analytic solutions may be found only for few cases [¹]. Many advanced mathematical methods have been used to solve it. Among the most popular methods are Nikiforov-Uvarov method (NU) [^2-10], asymptotic iteration method (AIM) [^11-16], supersymmetric shape invariance approach (SUSY QM) [^17-22], factorization method [²³], exact/proper quantization rule [^24-26], 1/N shifted expansion method [²⁷] and Modified Factorisation Method [^28-29] which could help to obtain approximate solutions of these wave equations in the presence of a suitable approximation scheme.

Hulthen potential is one of the crucial molecular potentials used in different areas of Physics such as nuclear and particle, atomic and condensed matter Physics and chemical Physics to describe the interaction between two atoms [³⁰]. The q deformed Hulthen potential is of the form [³⁵]

[²⁹] noted that there are no differences between the behavior of the modified Yukawa potential and the inversely quadratic Yukawa potential [³¹] or the Yukawa potential [³²]. Its application to diverse areas of physics has been of great interest and concern in recent times [^33,34].

The generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential (GIQYP) is a superposition of the inverse quadratic Yukawa (IQY) and the Yukawa potential. It is asymptotic to a finite value as r → ∞ and becomes infinite at r = 0 [³⁶]. The Generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential model is of the form [³⁶]

The Generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential reduces to a constant potential when A = B = 0.

The study of dimensions plays an important role in many areas of physics and the extension of physical problems to higher dimensional space is of great interest. [³⁷] noted that the exact solutions of both the relativistic and nonrelativistic wave equation with certain physical potential in higher dimensions are remarkably important not only in physics and chemistry, but also in pure and applied mathematics.

Recently, there has been great interest in combining of two or more potentials in both the relativistic and non-relativistic regime. The essence of combining two or more physical potential models is to have a wider range of applications [³⁸]. For example, Hellmann [³⁹], studied Schrödinger equation with a superposition of Coulomb potential and Yukawa potential, this potential is named Hellmann potential. His result is applicable in the area where both Coulomb potential and Yukawa potential respectively find applications. Bearing this in mind, we attempt to study the D-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a newly proposed potential obtained from a combination of q -deformed Hulthen potential (1) and Generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential (2). The proposed potential is of the form;

where V₁ is the coupling strength of the potential, α is the screening parameter and V₀ is strength of the potential.

The organization of the work is as follows: In the next section, review the Nikiforov-Uvarov method. In Sec. 3, this method is applied to obtain the bound state solutions. In Sec. 4, we obtain numerical results while in Sec. 5 we discuss some special cases and in Sec. 6, we give the concluding remark.

2. Review of Nikiforov-Uvarov method

The Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method is based on solving the hypergeometric-type second-order differential equations by means of the special orthogonal functions [²]. The main equation which is closely associated with the method is given in the following form [^40-41]

Where σ(s) and σ(s) are polynomials at most second-degree, τ̃(s) is a first-degree polynomial and ψ(s) is a function of the hypergeometric-type.

The exact solution of Eq. (2) can be obtained by using the transformation

This transformation reduces Eq. (2) into a hypergeomet- ric-type equation of the form

The function Φ(s) can be defined as the logarithm derivative

where

With π(s) being at most a first-degree polynomial. The second ψ(s), being y_n (n) in Eq. (3), is the hypergeometric function with its polynomial solution given by Rodrigues relation

Here, B_n is the normalization constant and ρ(s) is the weight function which must satisfy the condition

It should be noted that the derivative of τ(s) with respect to s must be negative. The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues can be obtained using the definition of the following function π(s) and parameter λ, respectively:

where

The value of k can be obtained by setting the discriminant of the square root in Eq. (9) equal to zero. As such, the new eigenvalue equation can be given as

3. Bound state solution with q deformed Hulthen and generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential in D dimension

The radial Schrödinger equation in D dimension can be written as [⁴²]:

where μ is the reduced mass, E_nl is the energy spectrum, ħ is the reduced Planck’s constant and n and l are the radial and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers respectively (or vibration-rotation quantum number in quantum chemistry). Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (15) gives:

Simplifying further Eq. (16) becomes;

Employing the Pekeris type approximation scheme [⁴³], which is given by

Eq. (18) becomes;

Eq. (19) can be simplified introducing the following dimensionless abbreviations

And using the transformation s = e^-2αr so as to enable us apply the NU method as a solution of the hypergeometric type

Comparing Eq. (19) and Eq. (2), we have the following parameters

Substituting these polynomials into Eq. (9), we get π(s) to be

where

To find the constant k the discriminant of the expression under the square root of Eq. (21) must be equal to zero. As such, we have that

Substituting Eq. (26) into Eq. (24) yields

From the knowledge of NU method, we choose the expression π(s) whose function τ(s) has a negative derivative. This is given by

with τ(s) being obtained as

Referring to Eq. (10), we define the constant λ as

Substituting Eq. (27) into Eq. (11) and carrying out simple algebra, where

and

we have

Substituting Eqs. (17) into Eq. (30) yields the energy eigenvalue equation of the q-deformed Hulthen potential and Generalized Inverse Quadratic Yukawa Potential in D dimension in the form

The corresponding wave functions can be evaluated by substituting π(s) and σ(s) from Eq. (27) and Eq. (23) respectively into Eq. (7) and solving the first order differential equation. This gives

The weight function ρ(s) from Eq. (7) can be obtained as

From the Rodrigues relation of Eq. (6), we obtain

where Pn(θ,ϑ) is the Jacobi Polynomial.

Substituting Φ(s) and y_n (s) from Eq. (32) and Eq. (34) respectively into Eq. (3), we obtain

4. Deductions from Eq. (34)

In this section, we take some adjustments of constants in Eq. (1) and (2) to have the following cases:

5. Discussion

In Table I, we present the numerical results for q-deformed HPGIQYP in natural units for undisturbed system q = 1 and low potential strength, V₀ = 0.05 eV and coupling strength eV. It is observed that the energy decreases as the orbital angular momentum increases for any given value of the principal quantum number n in all dimensions. Physically, a particle in this potential is highly bound and becomes more attractive as increases. Interestingly, the above observation is the same with and without the presence of the deformation parameter in the system as shown in Table II for which q =2.

Figure 1-5 show the variations of potential versus r for different values of q, considering three potentials and four orbital angular momentums. In Figs. 6 and 7, we show the 3D variations of the energy with q for s-wave and p-state for different n. We repeat the same for the screening parameter α in Fig. 8 and 9. The energy increases when the potential strength V ₀ increases, but behaves the other way roundfor coupling strength V₁ as shown in Fig. 10-13. Finally, Figs. 14-17 shows the variation of energy level for various dimension D for the s-wave and p-state. The energy decreases when the dimension D increases in both cases and peaks at D = 2.

6. Conclusion

In this work, we have studied the bound state solutions of the Schrodinger equation with q deformed Hulthen plus generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential using NU method. By making appropriate approximation to deal with the centrifugal term, we obtain the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions and also discussed some special cases of the potential. We have calculated numerical energy eigenvalues and presented plots for various values of the potential parameters and found that the energy decreases as dimension increases. The results are in excellent agreement with literature.