Resumen

OSORNO COVARRUBIAS, Lorenzo. Current role of -and new evidence for- continuous positive airway pressure in respiratory distress syndrome. Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex. [online]. 2012, vol.69, n.6, pp.422-430. ISSN 1665-1146.

Mechanical ventilation and early or prophylactic surfactant has been the standard of care for many years in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The evidence for this practice is supported in metaanalysis of well-controlled clinical trials. Observational studies showed by the end of the 1980s that perinatal centers that used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as the primary method of ventilatory support had a lower rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and used less ventilation for their neonates. Lack of more solid evidence has been one of the reasons for which this method of care of RDS has remained restricted to few perinatal centers worldwide. Randomized multicenter clinical trials carried out during the last decade in very low birth weight neonates, which compare prophylactic or early nasal CPAP vs. mechanical ventilation with prophylactic or selective surfactant with early or programmed extubation, were reviewed. Recent clinical trials enable us to assert that early nasal CPAP is an alternative to intubation, and surfactant in the delivery room diminishes the need for mechanical ventilation, use of surfactant and steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A low threshold for surfactant in neonates supported early with CPAP diminishes the need for mechanical ventilation.

Palabras llave : continuous positive airway pressure; respiratory distress syndrome; surfactant.

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