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Polibotánica

versão impressa ISSN 1405-2768

Resumo

NAVONE, Graciela T.; ZONTA, Ma. Lorena  e  GAMBOA, Ma. Inés. Phytotherapy Mbyá-Guaraní in the control of intestinal parasitoses: An exploratory study with Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum in five communities in Misiones, Argentina. Polibotánica [online]. 2014, n.37, pp.135-151. ISSN 1405-2768.

In Mbyá-Guarani communities, the local knowledge of species that inhabit the wild forest areas is manifested in diverse activities, such as their medicinal use for treating parasites and associated illness. The goal of this work was to assess the efficacy of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (Ka'aré in Guarani) for the control of enteroparasitosis. The study was carried out during September 1998 and April 1999 in the communities of Marangatú (MA), Ñamandú (ÑA), El Pocito (PO), Tabay (TB) and Takuapí (TA), in the Department Libertador General San Martín, Misiones, Argentina. The sample included 148 individuals grouped by sex and age intervals. The phytotherapeutic treatment consisted of administration of Ka'aré tincture (macerated in 70% ethyl alcohol). Coproparasitologic analysis was by direct examination and enrichment of samples by flotation technique (Füllerbon) before and after treatment with Ka'aré. Our results indicated high percentage of parasitized individuals before treatment (PRET), ranging between 73.5% and 91.7%. Entamoeba coli was the most prevalent protozoan species, with values ranging between 18.4% and 37.5%. Among cestodes, Hymenolepis nana presented prevalences of 4.2% to 20.8%. Among nematodes, Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (Ancylostomidea) was the most frequent, with prevalence between 55.1% and 83.3%. Trichuris trichiura was observed only in ÑA and with very low prevalence (3.8%). Percentage of monoparasitism in ÑA was highest (56.5%), while biparasitism prevailed in MA and TA (44.4%) and polyparasitism in TB (36.8%). The postreatment evaluation (POST) showed a decrease of total parasite prevalence compared to pre-treatment (79.7% vs. 68.9%) (X2 Yates = 4.57; p < 0.05). Regarding sex differences, the percentage of parasitized women was lower, with a statistically significant difference (X2 Mantel-Haenszel = 4.28; p < 0.05). Likewise, in individuals over 30 years old (interval 3) the difference between pre and postreatment was statistically significant (90.9% vs. 50.0%) (X2 Yates = 6.99; p < 0.01). Postreatment individuals showed decreased prevalence of E. coli (30.8%-0.0%) and ancylostomids (52.0%-11.5%). Thus, in ÑA ancylostomids showed statistically significant differences (73.1% vs. 11.5%) (X2 Yates = 8.99; p < 0.05). Likewise, prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides decreased in individuals from all communities, with greatest differences in PO (20.8% vs. 0.0%) and ÑA (19.2% vs. 0.0%). The phytotherapeutic treatment was not effective against Giardia lamblia, H. nana or Strongyloides stercoralis. Monoparasitism only decreased slightly in TA (44.4% vs. 43.2%) and increased in the remaining communities, with greatest percentage in ÑA (56.5% vs. 76.9%). In contrast, percent biparasitism decreased in most studied communities, except TB (36.8% vs. 50.0%). Lastly, polyparasitism decreased only in TB (36.8% vs. 11.1%) and ÑA (17.4% vs.7.7%). These results showed that Ch. ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum is effective against ancylostomids and A. lumbricoides, but not against protozoans, cestodes or S. stercoralis larvae.

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