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Botanical Sciences

versión On-line ISSN 2007-4476versión impresa ISSN 2007-4298

Bot. sci vol.96 no.1 México ene./mar. 2018

https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1030 

Taxonomy and floristics

Vascular Plants and Vegetation of the Sayula sub-basin, Jalisco, Mexico

Miguel Ángel Macías-Rodríguez1  * 

Héctor Gerardo Frías-Ureña1 

Sergio Honorio Contreras-Rodríguez1 

Alfredo Frías-Castro1 

1 Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan Jalisco, México.


Abstract:

Background:

The Sayula sub-basin presents a complex landscape composed of plants communities that to date have not been studied in a timely manner, so this study contributes to the knowledge of the flora and vegetation of the area and the State.

Question:

i) How many and which families, genera and species are in the Sayula sub-basin? ii) What are the main biological forms of the species? iii) Are there species under any category of protection? iv) How many vegetation types are present within the region?

Studied species:

Ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Study site and years of study:

The Sayula sub-basin, Jalisco, Mexico; from February 2012 to October 2015.

Methods:

Through the literature review and field work the floristic checklist was elaborated. In addition, with the use of geographic information systems, a map of land use and vegetation was made.

Results:

A total of 687 species were recorded, including 415 genera and 113 families. The five main families were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae representing 42.6 % of the total species and 36.6 % of the genera. It should be noted that the predominant biological forms were herbs with 409, 105 shrubs and 74 trees. On the other hand, 47 species registered under some protection category of which, only one species Cleomella jaliscensis is endemic to the region. Finally, eight vegetation types were determined, being the tropical deciduous forest the one that occupies greater surface and presents greater floristic diversity.

Conclusions:

It is important to emphasize that during the realization of the work, agricultural activities were detected affecting the flora and vegetation, threatening the biodiversity and the natural balance of the region.

Key words: Floristic richness; phytogeography; plant communities; western Mexico

Resumen:

Antecedentes:

La subcuenca Sayula, presenta un complejo paisaje conformado de comunidades vegetales que a la fecha, no han sido estudiadas de manera puntual, por lo que este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la flora y vegetación de la zona y del Estado.

Pregunta:

i) ¿Cuántas y cuáles familias, géneros y especies se encuentran en la Subcuenca Sayula? ii) ¿Cuales son las principales formas biológicas que presentan las especies? iii) ¿Existen especies bajo alguna categoría de protección? iv) ¿Cuantos tipos de vegetación se presentan dentro de la región?

Especies de estudio:

Helechos, Gimnospermas y Angiospermas.

Sitios de estudio y años de estudio:

La subcuenca Sayula, Jalisco, México; desde febrero de 2012 hasta octubre de 2015.

Métodos:

Mediante la revisión de literatura y trabajo de campo se elaboró el listado florístico. Además, con el uso de sistemas de información geográfica se realizó un mapa de uso de suelo y vegetación.

Resultados:

Se registraron un total de 687 especies, incluidas en 415 géneros y 113 familias. Las cinco principales familias fueron Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae Solanaceae y Euphorbiaceae que representan el 42.6 % del total de las especies y el 36.6 % de los géneros. Cabe resaltar que las formas biológicas predominantes fueron las hierbas con 409, 105 arbustos y 74 árboles. Por otra parte, se registraron 47 especies bajo alguna categoría de protección de las cuales sólo una especie es endémica de la región Cleomella jaliscensis. Finalmente, se determinaron ocho tipos de vegetación, siendo el bosque tropical caducifolio el que ocupa mayor superficie y presenta mayor diversidad florística.

Conclusiones:

Es importante destacar que durante la realización del trabajo, se detectaron actividades agropecuarias que afectan la flora y vegetación, amenazando así la biodiversidad y el equilibrio natural de la región.

Palabras Clave: Comunidades vegetales; fitogeografía; occidente de México; riqueza florística

Mexico is considered a megadiverse country (Mittermeier 1988, Rzedowski 1998, Villaseñor 2003), within its territory are registered a total of 1,014 species of pteridophytes (Martínez-Salas & Ramos 2014), 54 species of Zamiaceae (Nicolalde-Morejón et al. 2014), 94 species of conifers (Gernandt & Pérez de la Rosa 2014) and 21,841 of angiosperms (Villaseñor & Ortiz 2014). A total of 23,003 species place the country in the fifth place in the world in terms of vascular plants. Their diversity is gradually being known, described and reported, albeit at a slow pace, not matched by the rate of destruction of the ecosystems where they thrive (Villaseñor 2004). It is estimated that about 30 % of the national territory has not been studied floristically and there are still little explored areas (Sosa & Dávila 1994).

In western Mexico, although Jalisco is one of the states of the Mexican Republic with the greatest wealth of flowering plants, it ranks fourth in the national level with ca. 5,931 species of Magnoliophyta, below the states of Oaxaca (9,019), Chiapas (7,830) and Veracruz (6,876) and occupy the third place in endemic plants with 315 (Villaseñor & Ortiz 2014). To the date, in spite of already having a Catalog of Vascular Plants of Jalisco, it is estimates that only 60 % of the territory of Jalisco is known, so there are still areas that have been poorly explored botanically (Sierra del Cuale, north of Jalisco), because of the above, the number of species may increase in later studies (Ramírez-Delgadillo et al. 2010).

In the state and particularly in the Sayula sub-basin, there is a strong pressure on natural resources, especially on vegetation cover, caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, agriculture and livestock, negatively impacting their biodiversity.

The vegetation of the sub-basin, was initially known only the information presented by (CETENAL 1976), in its land use charts, in which the lacustrine vessel appears as erial land (without crop) with halophytic vegetation and areas bordering as deciduous forest.

Estrada-Faudón (1983) made a geographical study of the two lacustrine islands in the municipality of Atoyac, in it, describes the different types of vegetation found and mentions the floristic component of each one of them. In the same year, Jiménez-Calderón (1983) elaborates a study of the halophilic plants of the endoreic Zacoalco-Sayula sub-basin in which it registers 69 species. Later in the same basin, Delgado (1984) makes a study of the halophilic plants and their relation with the edaphic characteristics, in which it reports that Distichlis spicata, Oligomeris linifolia, Sporobolus pyramidatus and Sueda diffusa are indicative of saline soils; González-Villarreal & Pérez de la Rosa (1987) in their work refer to the basin, in which they mention the different types of vegetation, the strata found and the characteristic flora of each of them along the same; Arámbula & Preciado (1989) carry out a study on the potential uses of the halophytic vegetation of the region; Estrada-Faudón (1993) makes a study on the vegetation of the lagoon focused on its problem and proposes alternatives.

The first systematic botanical study of the Laguna was done by Villegas-Flores et al. (1995) in which they describe the different types of vegetation and provide a floristic listing of the study area; Arreola-Nava & Villegas-Flores (1996) make an inventory of the wild and cultivated cacti of the Laguna, registering a total of 16 species, emphasizing its ethnobotanical aspects; Villegas-Flores & Ramírez-Delgadillo (1998) describe a new species of Cleomella (Cleomaceae), from this area; Macías-Rodríguez (2001) elaborates a list of 37 succulent plants registered in the Lagoon, and includes information of the habitat and vegetation type where they are; The same author publishes (2004) an illustrated book on the vegetation and flora of the Lagoon; Contreras-Rodríguez et al. (2013) publish guide of grasses covering the entire Sayula sub-basin, both the Laguna and surrounding sierras, registering a total of 82 species; finally Macías-Rodríguez (2016) makes an inventory of the succulent plants of the entire Sayula sub-basin, where it registers 70 species, of which the dominant biological forms are herbs and shrubs, mainly occurring in the thorny forest and tropical deciduous forest.

Due to the above, the present work has as objectives, to make a floristic inventory, and to determine and characterize the vegetation types.

Materials and methods

Study area. The sub-basin is located in the center-south portion of the State, at a distance of approximately 60 km toward south from the city of Guadalajara. The area encompasses part of the municipalities of Amacueca, Atoyac, Concepción de Buenos Aires, Gómez Farías, Sayula, Techaluta de Montenegro, Teocuitatlán de Corona and Zacoalco de Torres. It is located between the coordinates 19°45’ and 20°15’ north latitude and between the coordinates 103°10’ and 103°45’ west longitude. It has an area of 147,585.3 ha, with an altitudinal variation ranging from 1,110 to 2,868 m (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Location of the study area. 

Physiographically, it is part of the Chapala subprovince of the Eje Neovolcánico province in the western part of the country. It is classified as an endorheic basin, consisting mainly of the Tapalpa and Tigre ranges, and the water outlet is only by infiltration or evapotranspiration. Rainfall is the main source of water in the lagoon, which becomes brackish water by the salts of the soil, like Na2CO3 and MgSO4 (Flores-Díaz 1984).

The lithology is mainly of igneous basic extrusive origin, provided in the form of lava, tuff and breccias. A basaltic and andesite composition prevails on the slopes surrounding the lacustrine vessel, acid rocks, the product of explosive expulsions of rapid cooling, predominate in the upper parts of the Sierras del Tigre and Tapalpa. In the low points of the slopes are sandstones and shales (Flores-Díaz 1984). The so-called “islands” are recent extrusions of afritic basalt of labradorite and olivine, and to a lesser extent of andesites (Ávila 1994).

In foothills and moderately steep slopes, predominant fluvisoles soils and calcium. The solonchaks soils are distributed over the lacustrine sediments of the basin, to the north of the saline plain they form a mosaic with the arenosols, by the deposit of sands removed from another part of the plain by wind erosion. (SPP 1982).

In the lower part of the sub-basin, climatic subtypes predominate, according to Köppen, semi-dry BS1hw (w) and sub-humid (A)C(w0) w. The average annual temperature is 21.5 °C in the southern sub-basin, rising to 22.7 °C to the north and the annual mean rainfall is 564.6 mm in the north, rising to 851.1 mm to the south. In the summits of the sub-basin the climate type is subhumid temperate C(w1)(w) and C(w2)(w), the average humidity and the wetter subhumid temperate, respectively), with summer rains and less of five percent of winter rain. Concerning the tops with altitude under 2,000 m the annual average temperature is 16.2 °C and the annual rainfall is 802.8 mm. In the highest tops the average annual temperature is 15.2 °C and the average annual rainfall is 843.9 mm (García 1988).

Fieldwork and Cabinet. Several collections of botanical specimens were made within the study area, from February 2012 to October 2015, of at least one output per month, lasting four days, during which several routes were made through the breaches, trails and roads within the municipalities that are part of the sub-basin. Only native and naturalized plants were collected, discarding the cultivated species. The collected specimens were herborized according to the methodologies proposed by Lot & Chiang (1986) and Sánchez-González & González (2007) and deposited in the herbarium of the Institute of Botany of the University of Guadalajara (IBUG). For the determination of the species, taxonomic literature was used as different books, monographs and floras: Trees and shrubs of Mexico (Standley 1920-1926); Flora de Jalisco (Cuevas-Figueroa 2001, Cervantes-Aceves 1992, González-Villarreal 1986, 1990, 1996, González et al. 2001, and Vargas et al. 2003), Flora del Bajío y Regiones Adyacentes; Flora Novogaliciana (McVaugh 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 2001); Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México (Calderón de Rzedowski & Rzedowski 2001); The Pteridophytes of Mexico (Mickel & Smith 2004) and Conifers (Farjón et al. 1997, Gernandt & Pérez de la Rosa 2014). In addition to the support of specialists from different families for their determination.

The families, genera, species, subspecies and varieties are presented in alphabetical order according to the classification criteria proposed by Mickel & Smith (2004) for ferns, Gernandt & Pérez de la Rosa (2014) for conifers, and related plants APG IV (2016) for angiosperms. The names of the species are cited according to the database Taxonomic Name Resolution Service v4.0 (Boyle et al. 2013).

For each species, bibliographical information was collected concerning their life form, habitat, native or introduced, distribution, conservation status and vegetation type. To establish the categories of life forms the criterion proposed by Rzedowski (1978) with some modifications was followed. The geographic distribution of the species recorded through the literature review was analyzed and 12 distribution patterns were determined, grouping them into the following elements: 1) cosmopolitan, 2) pantropical, 3) American, 4) North American, 5 ) from Mexico to South America, 6) from the United States to Central America, 7) from Mexico to Central America, 8) from the United States to Mexico, 9) neotropical, 10) endemic to Mexico, 11) disjunct, and 12) endemic to western Mexico. The information regarding the distribution by vegetation types was obtained based on the literature and the records of the plant communities where the species were collected. Finally, species included in a category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and/or the Mexican Official Standard (SEMARNAT 2010) was recorded.

In order to have a parameter of the vegetal diversity of the present study, the richness of species was compared with other areas of different surface that have floristic inventories. For this purpose we worked with the taxonomic biodiversity index, whereby an approximation was obtained of the number of taxa presented in the area studied according to their surface, using the formula B = S / lnA, where S is the number of recorded species and lnA is the natural logarithm of the area in km2 (Squeo et al. 1998).

Based on the information generated by the LANDSAT 8 images, a soil occupation map of the study area was elaborated using the supervised classification methodology in the ArcMap 10 geographic information system, which was subsequently verified in countryside. The vegetation of the study area was characterized according to the proposal of Rzedowski (1978).

Results

Floristic diversity. The flora of the Sayula sub-basin is represented by 113 families, 415 genera and 687 species (Appendix 1). The group of Eudicots was the one with the highest richness with 79 families (representing 69.9 % of the total), 303 genera and 491 taxa, followed by Monocots, Monophyllites, Pinophytes and Magnoliidae complexes (Table 1).

Table 1 Richness by taxonomic groups within the flora present in the study area 

Group Families Genera Species Var./ssp.
Lycopodiophyta 1 (0.9 %) 1 (0.2 %) 1 (0.1 %) -
Monilophyta 10 (8.8 %) 18 (4.3 %) 23 (3.3 %) -
Pinophyta 2 (1.8 %) 2 (0.5 %) 7 (1.0 %) -
Magnoliide 5 (4.4 %) 5 (1.2 %) 5 (0.7 %) -
Monocots 16 (14.2 %) 85 (20.5 %) 159 (23.1 %) 5
Eudicots 79 (69.9 %) 304 (73.3 %) 492 (71.6 %) 14
Total 113 415 687 19

The most diverse family was Poaceae, with 103 species and 46 genera, followed by Asteraceae (81/58), Fabaceae (47/31), Solanaceae (38/10) Euphorbiaceae (25/7), Malvaceae (20/12), Cactaceae (18/10), Lamiaceae (18/9) and Convolvulaceae (16/6). These nine families represent 53.3 % (366) of the species and 45.5 % (189) of the genera. The remaining 104 families recorded less than 14 species each (Table 2). The genera with the highest number of species were Solanum with 21, Euphorbia with 14, Quercus with 11, Ipomoea with 10, Salvia with nine, Ficus, Muhlenbergia and Opuntia with eight and Bouteloua, Bursera, Cenchrus, Paspalum, and Pinus with six. In these 13 genera, 17.3 % (119) of the species recorded in the study area are represented. For the rest of the genera (402) all presented less than five species (Table 2).

Table 2 Families and genera best represented in the flora of the study area. 

Families Species/Genera Genera Number of Species
Poaceae 103/46 Solanum 21
Asteraceae 81/58 Euphorbia 14
Fabaceae 47/31 Quercus 11
Solanaceae 38/10 Ipomoea 10
Euphorbiaceae 25/7 Salvia 9
Malvaceae 20/12 Ficus 8
Cactaceae 18/10 Muhlenbergia 8
Lamiaceae 18/9 Opuntia 8
Convolvulaceae 16/6 Bouteloua 6
Amaranthaceae 14/8 Bursera 6
Boraginaceae 12/8 Cenchrus 6
Aspargaceae 11/7 Paspalum 6
Cyperaceae 11/6 Pinus 6

Biological forms. The herbs are the dominant biological form with 411 which accounts for 60 % of the total species, followed by shrubs with 105 (15 %), trees with 73 (11 %) are followed in number of importance vines, succulents, lianas, rosettes and cane (Table 3). The dominant plants according to the type of habitat in which they develop 635 are terrestrial, 25 aquatic, 9 rupicolous (ferns), 9 parasites (mistletoe and cuscuta) and 9 epiphytes (Appendix 1).

Table 3 Richness of the biological forms present in the flora of the Sayula sub-basin 

Biological forms Number of Species Percentage
Herb 411 59.8
Shrub 105 15.3
Tree 73 10.6
Vine 35 5.1
Suffrutex 33 4.8
Succulent 18 2.6
Liana 6 0.9
Rosette 4 0.6
Cane 2 0.3
Total 687 100

Of the total species recorded in the sub-basin, 94.1 % (647) are native to Mexico and 5.9 % (40) are introduced. For the synanthropic species (weeds or disturbance indicators), 307 (44.7 %) of which 270 are native and 37 are introduced (Appendix 1). Of these weeds, 223 (72.6 %) are herbaceous, 35 shrubs (11.4 %) and 19 suffrutexs (6.2 %), vines 16 (5.2 %), trees 10 (3.3 %), lianas 3 (1 %) and cane 1 (0.3 %).

Species under some category of protection. Result of the review of several lists of protected or threatened species such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2015), International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 2013) and Official Mexican Standard (SEMARNAT 2010), a total of 46 species were registered under some protection category. Some species are found in more than one listing, such as Callitropsis lusitanica, Hylocereus undatus, Isolatocereus dumortieri and Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Table 4).

Table 4 Species with some category of protection according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2015); Mexican Official Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 (SEMARNAT 2010) or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES 2013) located in the Sayula sub-basin, Jalisco, Mexico. IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature, DD: Insufficient data, LR: Low Risk, LC: Minor Concern, NT: Nearly threatened, VU: Vulnerable; NOM: Official Mexican Standard, P: Extinguishing Hazard, A: Threatened; Pr: Subject to Special Protection, CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, II: Included in Appendix II. 

Species Families Protection Category Distribution Population Trend
1. Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
2. Alnus acuminata Betulaceae IUCN-LR - -
3. Alnus jorullensis Betulaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
4. Arbutus glandulosa Ericaceae IUCN-LR - -
5. Berula ereta Apiaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
6. Callitropsis lusitanica Cupressaceae IUCN-LC/NOM (Pr) Not Endemic Unknown
7. Chiococca alba Rubiaceae IUCN-LC - Unknown
8. Comarostaphylis discolor Ericaceae IUCN-LR - -
9. Cyperus digitatus Cyperaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
10. Dalea ovatifolia Fabaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
11. Eysenhardtia polystachya Fabaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
12. Hylocereus purpusii Cactaceae CITES- II - -
13. Hylocereus undatus Cactaceae IUCN-DD/CITES - II - Unknown
14. Isolatocereus dumortieri Cactaceae IUCN-LC/CITES- II - Stable
15. Laelia autumnalis Orchidaceae CITES - II - -
16. Laelia speciosa Orchidaceae CITES- II/NOM (Pr) Endemic -
17. Leptochloa fusca Poaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
18. Lysiloma acapulcense Fabaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
19. Mammillaria scrippsiana Cactaceae CITES- II - -
20. Myrtillocactus geometrizans Cactaceae IUCN-LC/CITES- II - Stable
21. Nopalea cochenillifera Cactaceae IUCN-DD/CITES- II - Unknown
22. Opuntia atropes Cactaceae CITES- II - -
23. Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae IUCN-DD/CITES- II - Unknown
24. Opuntia fuliginosa Cactaceae IUCN-LC/CITES- II - Stable
25. Opuntia jaliscana Cactaceae CITES- II - -
26. Opuntia joconostle Cactaceae CITES- II - -
27. Opuntia pubescens Cactaceae IUCN-LC/CITES- II - Stable
28. Opuntia pumila Cactaceae CITES- II - -
29. Opuntia undulata Cactaceae CITES- II - -
30. Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum Cactaceae IUCN-LC/CITES- II - Stable
31. Pereskia aculeata Cactaceae IUCN-LC - Decreasing
32. Pereskiopsis diguetii Cactaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
33. Pinus devoniana Pinaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
34. Pinus douglasiana Pinaceae IUCN-LC - Unknown
35. Pinus leiophylla Pinaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
36. Pinus lumholtzii Pinaceae IUCN-NT - Unknown
37. Pinus maximinoi Pinaceae IUCN-LC - Stable
38. Pinus oocarpa Pinaceae IUCN-LC - Unknown
39. Prosopis laevigata Fabaceae IUCN-LR - -
40. Quercus castanea Fagaceae IUCN-LC - Decreasing
41. Quercus subspathulata Fagaceae IUCN-VU - -
42. Sagittaria macrophylla Alismataceae NOM (A) Endemic -
43. Selaginella porphyrospora Selaginellaceae NOM (P) Not Endemic -
44. Stenocereus queretaroensis Cactaceae IUCN-LC/CITES- II - Stable
45. Tripsacum maizar Poaceae NOM (A) Not Endemic -
46. Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae IUCN-LC - Unknown

Geographic distribution. Based on 687 species and the establishment of 12 distribution patterns, 171 species (24.9 %) endemic to Mexico were recorded, of which four are pteridophytes, three gymnosperms, two of the magnoliidae complex, 136 eudicots and 26 monocots. For the non-endemic to Mexico, 147 (21.4 %) are distributed in the American continent, 133 (19.4 %), whose distribution goes from Mexico to Central America. 8.3 % (57) are widely distributed or cosmopolitan species, 6.1 % (42) are distributed in the neotropic; For the rest of the species these are distributed in six different patterns (Table 5). Only nine species (1.3 %) are endemic to western Mexico and a single species endemic to the sub-basin, Cleomella jaliscensis (Appendix 1).

Table 5 Geographical distribution patterns of the species present in the Sayula sub-watershed 

Distribution Number of species Percentage
Endemic to Mexico 171 24.9
American 147 21.4
From Mexico to Central America 133 19.4
Cosmopolitan 57 8.3
Neotropical 42 6.1
From USA to Mexico 29 4.2
Pantropical 22 3.2
From Mexico to South America 25 3.6
From USA to Central America 20 2.9
North American 20 2.9
Disjunct 12 1.7
Endemic to the West Mexico 9 1.3
Total 687 100.0

Floristic richness. According to the index of taxonomic diversity, the area have a floristic richness of 94 species per km2. A comparison with other similar studies in areas dominated by tropical deciduous forest such as the Baja California Peninsula (León de la Luz et al. 2012) or the Nixticuil-San Esteban-El Diente Forest Hydrological Protection area (Zepeda & Velázquez 1999), allows estimating that the floristic richness of the Sayula sub-basin is a little higher, but it is far below compared to the Balsas River Basin and Cerro Viejo; Although these assessments should be taken with caution due to differences in authors’ sampling effort and imprecision in the calculation of areas (Table 6).

Table 6 Relation between the floristic richness of the Sayula sub-basin Jalisco, and other areas of different surface areas that have floristic inventories in Mexico, using the taxonomic biodiversity index (B). APFFLP = Protection Area of Flora and Fauna La Primavera. APH BENSEDI = Area of Hydrological Protection Forest Nixticuil-San Esteban-El Diente. LnA = Natural logarithm of the area in km2. Abbreviations: NR = Not registered. Vegetation Types of according to Rzedowski & McVaugh (1966) and Rzedowski (1978). Abbreviations: OF = Oak Forest; THF = Thorn Forest; RF = Riparian Forest; CF = Cloud forest; PF = Pinus forest; POF = Pine-Oak Forest; OPF = Oak-Pine Forest; TDF= Tropical Deciduous Forest; TSF = Tropical Sub-deciduous Forest; D= Desert; G = Grassland; AV = Aquatic Vegetation; HV = Halophytic Vegetation; SV = Secondary Vegetation. 

Source Town Area (Km2) Range Altitudinal(m) Vegetation types Explorations Number’s Families Genera Species Richness (Sp/lnA)
Machuca-Núñez 1989 Cerro Viejo 100 1,900-2,300 PF, POF, TDF, G, AV 97 162 511 990 214
Lott 1993 Bahía de Chamela 350 0-500 TDF, TSF, HV NR 124 544 1,120 191
Guerrero-Nuño & López Coronado, 1997 Sierra de Quila 320 1,300-2,560 THF, TDF, OF, POF, CF, RF 45 128 427 772 134
Villegas-Flores et al. 1995 Laguna de Sayula 27 1,300 AV, THF, TDF, RF, SV NR 76 208 306 93
Fernández-Nava et al. 1998 Cuenca del río Balsas 112,320 0-1,000 TDF, OF D NR 202 1,246 4,442 381
Zepeda & Velázquez 1999 Sierra de Nachichitla 13.2 600-1,400 TDF, RF 15 82 208 288 111
Contreras-Rodríguez et al. 2000 Piedras Bolas - 1,500-2,300 TDF, RF, G, OF NR 43 99 139 -
Cortes-Romero 2000 Laguna de Cajititlán 74.1 1,500-2,030 TDF THF, AV, SV 46 82 285 469 109
Macías-Rodríguez & Ramírez-Delgadillo 2000 Cerro del Colli 3.5 1,700-1,950 OF, TDF, SV 5 53 132 188 150
SEMARNAT 2000 APFFLP 305 1,800-2,200 TDF, POF, OF, AV NR 107 419 805 140
Hernández-Toro 2003 Tecolotlán y María García 850 0-929 TSF, TDF, THF, G, OF, AV 250 129 493 1029 152
Wynter-Warra et. al. 2003 Cerro Gordo 5.68 2,400-2,600 OF, TDF, RF, SV NR 64 184 278 160
Ramírez-Delgadillo et al. 2006 APH BENSEDI 159 1,550-1,620 TDF, OF, POF, THF, NR 77 225 456 90
G, SV
León de la Luz et al. 2012 Península de Baja California 3,325 500-1,500 TDF 12 101 360 645 79
Ramírez–Díaz 2016 Subcuenca Cuixtla, Jalisco-Zacatecas 123 810-1,770 TDF-RF 50 108 373 610 127
This work Subuenca Sayula 1,476 1,110-2,868 TDF, RF, AV, HV, OPF, OF, THF, POF - 113 416 686 94

Land use and Vegetation. The vegetation of the Sayula sub-basin is not a homogeneous mosaic, since it presents different vegetal communities that possess a very peculiar and interesting flora, in addition they are carried out different productive activities like agriculture and the cattle ranch. Within the zone we can distinguish eight vegetation types according to the classification of Rzedowski (1978) and four variants of land use (Figure 2). The order of the descriptions of the plant communities is based on the area occupied within the sub-basin, showing the percentages of the area covered by each current vegetation type.

Figure 2 Land use and vegetation map of the Sayula sub-basin, Jalisco, Mexico. 

Tropical Deciduous Forest. In the study area the tropical deciduous forest occupies an area of 36,436.05 ha (24.69 %), being the plant community with greater distribution. It develops mainly in the foothills of the slopes of the surrounding Sierras to the lagoon, both in the north and west slopes of Sierra del Tigre, as in the east orientation of Tapalpa and in the southern slope of the Cerro de García and El Caracol; Inside of the lagoon is only found in the central parts of two “islands”, (Isla Grande and Isla Chica) on rocky outcrops, since around these they are covered of thorn forest.

The prominent feature of this type of forest is the loss of leaves in almost total form over a period of 5 to 8 months, so it has two strongly contrasting aspects: in drought it is desolate, with gray tones, while in rainy season it is green and vital. The height of the canopy varies from 4-8 (10) m.

The vegetation cover consists of small individuals such as Bursera fagaroides, B. penicillata, Ceiba aesculifolia, Cnidoscolus spinosus, Ipomoea murucoides, Lysiloma divaricatum and candelabriform cacti with Stenocereus queretaroensis and Isolatocereus dumortieri. In this plant community, several large trees stand out, Ficus insipida, F. goldmanii and F. subrotundifolia, which occur near some outcrop of water (Villegas-Flores et al. 1995).

From the point of view of forest use, this type of vegetation is of little importance, because the size and shape of its trees do not have desirable characteristics for trade (Rzedowski 1978). It is used more for livestock purposes, although with scarce yields. The topography and climate does not allow irrigated crops, but when it exists, conditions change completely and the forest becomes important agricultural areas, such as the areas near Zacoalco, Amacueca and Techaluta, where one of the most important crops, such as the “Pitaya” (Stenocereus queretaroensis), is established in areas originally occupied by the tropical deciduous forest.

Pine Forest. In the Sayula sub-basin it is distributed mainly in areas with subhumid climates called temperate, corresponding to the highest parts of the sierras that surround the lagoon and Cerro de García, occupies an area of 23,411.26 ha, corresponding to 15.87 % of the surface.

This plant community is formed by species of the genus Pinus, often associated with oak and other species, its physiognomy is very characteristic, being a closed community of always green individuals, with acicular leaves, straight trunks that have heights that go from 15 to 20 m on average; In contrast, the undergrowth in the dry season presents a different aspect, almost yellowish, made up of herbaceous grasses predominating. The shrub layer is almost absent, or is hardly apparent.

The most common species that characterize this type of vegetation are: Pinus devoniana, P. douglasiana, P. leiophylla, P. lumholtzii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. These forests are of major economic importance in the area due to their forestry activities such as timber production, resins, pulp production for cellulose and backyard for the villages of Mazamitla and Tapalpa, where there is a great ecotourism activity.

Halophytic Vegetation. It is present only inside the lake bed and surrounding foodplains, and is distributed almost throughout the length and width of the body, in the form of narrow annular stripes and scattered spots within it, is constituted mainly by an herbaceous stratum conformed by a low zacatal constituted for several annual species. It represents almost 4.65 % of the study area, occupying an approximate area of 6,865.32 ha of the sub-basin.

This vegetation is characterized to develop in soils with high content in soluble salts, can assume diverse forms, floristic, physiognomic and ecologically, since they can dominate in them forms herbaceous and shrub. This fact is at least partly due to the fact that edaphic characteristics fluctuate as regards the quantity and type of salts, as well as the pH, texture, permeability, amount of water available, etc.

Among the species that make up this type of vegetation known as “salty pastures” we find Bouteloua diversispicula, Cenchrus ciliaris, Distichlis spicata, Jouvea pilosa and Sporobolus coromandelianus, as well as other species such as Suaeda torreyana, Scirpus americanus, Trianthema portulacastrum and Oligomeris linifolia (Macías-Rodríguez 2004). Often the zacatal is intermixed with spots of thorn forest with Celtis pallida, Opuntia atropes and Prosopis laevigata.

The halophytic vegetation is not of great economic importance due to its characteristics, although the “Romeritos” (Suaeda torreyana) grow here, there is very little consumption by the inhabitants of the region. In this area also, the extensive livestock is developed, since the cattle takes advantage of the shoots of the grasses in the early rains, before the hardening of the branches and leaves, since after this time, the buds resemble thorns, which harms the esulting in detrimental results.

Oak Forest. It is distributed mainly in the Sierra de Tapalpa, always below the altitudinal limits of the pine forest, and also bordering the tropical deciduous forest and in some parts with temporary agriculture, covers an area of 5,209.59 ha representing the 3.53 % of the total area.

Along with pine forests, oak forests represent another type of temperate major vegetation in the area, Mexico being the largest center of wealth and specific endemism for the genus Quercus (Valencia 2004); It shares space with different species of pine (Pinus spp.), Giving rise to the so-called pine-oak forests, or oak-pine forests, when they dominate the oak forests.

The most common species of these communities are Quercus candicans, Q. castanea, Q. crassipes, Q. gentryi, Q. magnoliifolia, Q. resinosa and some other species that intermingle with ecotonies of tropical deciduous forest, such as Bursera fagaroides, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Ipomoea murucoides and Lysiloma acapulcense.

These forests have been heavily exploited for logging purposes for the extraction of wood, for the production of charcoal and boards for domestic use, which causes this vegetation type to reach secondary phases, which are later incorporated into agricultural activities.

Oak-Pine Forest. It appears as a spot in the study area, to the east, between the Cerro de García and the northern orientation of the Sierra del Tigre below the communities of pine forest, while in the western orientation of the Sierra, Is intermingled with tropical deciduous forest and seasonal agriculture areas, with a lower proportion also found in the Sierra de Tapalpa, northwest of Usmajac; Covers an area of 5,015.74 ha, which corresponds to 3.4 % of the total of the region.

This community is characterized mainly by the dominance of oaks on the pines. It develops below the altitudinal limits of pine, oak-pine and above the tropical deciduous forest. These communities show a lower height than those where the pine dominates over the oak.

The most representative trees species in these communities are: Clethra hartwegii, Pinus devoniana, P. leiophylla, P. oocarpa, Quercus candicans, Q. castanea, Q. crassipes, and Q. magnoliifolia. Like the pine-oak communities, these also present forest use, in addition, in many areas there is an alternation with agricultural activities. Due to activities such as clearing for pine extraction, some oak forests obey their physiognomy and structure more than anything to the competition factor, where the oaks predominate over the pines; being also evident the presence of Dodonaea viscosa in the manner of dense patches, which is indicative stages successions of disturbed forests.

Thorn Forest. It includes a plant community whose common denominator is its rather reduced height and the fact that at least to a large extent are thorny individuals, with perennial leaves, characteristic of flat or slightly sloping land, soils are clayey, pH slightly alkaline, poorly drained and often flooded periodically. It often develops in places with drier climates than tropical deciduous forest, but occupies deeper soils (Rzedowski 1978).

Thorny elements abound, where the Fabaceae family is the most abundant. Among the numerous prickly plants, there are also often cactaceae in the shape of a candelabra that protrude from the arboreal canopy. The species constituting this plant community are mainly Opuntia atropes, O. fuliginosa, Prosopis laevigata, and less frequently Pithecellobium dulce. They dominate thin trees, with small leaves or leaflets, deciduous in the vast majority of cases for variable periods of time. The species Prosopis laevigata is dominant in the arboreal stratum (Villegas-Flores et al. 1995). The shrub stratus is generally well developed and rich in spiny species such as Acacia farnesiana, Celtis pallida, Opuntia pubescens, Neurolaena lobata, Pereskiopsis diguetii and Solanum torvum.

In the region, the Thorn Forest is estimated at about 2.15 % of the territory (3,169.96 ha). Such lands are and have been the most used for agriculture and livestock, consequently, what is left of the thorn forest, are only relict or small patches around the lagoon, intermixing with halophytic vegetation, tolerating the basic soils and in some occasions these lands are flooded in the rainy season, when the water level rises. The area occupied by this community tends to diminish its extension in the lagoon, due to the clearing for the establishment of crops, whether of irrigation or of temporary.

Pine-Oak Forest. This community, like pine-oak forests, are also called mixed forests, are considered transitional phases of pure pine or oak forests, however, some authors claim that many of these forests are considered the climax vegetation of many Temperate zones, which is shared by the different species of Pinus and Quercus; Being dominant the pines on the oaks.

This type of forest is the least distributed arboreal community, occupying only 0.27 % of the study area, corresponding to 404.77 ha; is distributed only to the east and southeast of the towns of Tepec and San Antonio, in the eastern slope of the Sierra de Tapalpa. Some of the most common pine species are Pinus devoniana, P. leiophylla, P. oocarpa, Quercus candicans, Q. crassifolia and Q. crassipes.

Aquatic Vegetation. It is called aquatic vegetation to all those vegetal groupings that develop in an aqueous medium or in soils saturated of water; Together constitute an important part of the vegetation of the sub-basin. This plant community is distributed within the study area, as small patches, occupying a 0.07 % with 96.41 ha, located towards the central part of the lagoon. The species that constitute it are grouped in dense masses that sometimes cover important surfaces of the lacustrine area, to borders of ditches, channels of irrigation and streams; its physiognomy is mainly given by monocotyledons from one to three meters high and narrow leaves. In this type of vegetation we can distinguish broadly three main associations: tular and carrizal, floating vegetation and underwater vegetation.

Irrigation Agriculture. In this type of agriculture, it uses supplementary water systems to obtain crops during the agricultural cycle, and can be of different variants depending on how the application of the water is carried out, for example sprinkling, dripping, or distribution of water along furrows or a pipe starting from a main channel which is distributed directly to the crop by pumping from the source of supply (a well, dam or body of water) or by gravity action when it goes directly to a main channel from upstream.

This type of agrosystem occurs in most of the territory, mainly in the plains areas, mainly in the southern portion of the lagoon, and in the Teocuitatlán de Corona plain, between the southern slopes of the Cerro de García and El Caracol and the north face of the Sierra del Tigre. It occupies the second place (18.71 %) of distribution in the study area, with an approximate area of 27 609.14 ha. The main crops in the area are maize for the production of seeds, alfalfa and vegetables mainly tomato and red pepper.

Temporary Agriculture. It is called temporary agriculture the type of activity that takes place in all those lands where the cycle of crops that are planted depends on rainwater; So the success of the harvest depends on the amount of water that falls and the ability of the soil to retain it.

Within the study area, it is presented in the form of manchones, distributed throughout the area, but mainly near the populations, it covers a greater area in the western and eastern part of the Sierra del Tigre, and considerable portions the Sierra de Tapalpa in the villages of Techaluta and Amacueca; and occupies 18.51 % of the total area (27,307.52 ha). They can be areas of monoculture or polyculture and can be combined with secondary pastures, mixed with irrigation areas, or in areas that clear the deciduous tropical forest called cuamiles; which forms a complex mosaic, difficult to distinguish or separate, but which generally presents dominance of crops whose growth depends on rainwater.

The main crops are maize and sorghum but there are also cultivated areas of pitaya (Stenocereus queretaroensis) and zacate rhodex (Chloris gayana).

Livestock. It is denominated with the term of farming to all those areas where the human activity is oriented so much to the culture of the field as to the raising of animals. Generally they are areas devoid of vegetation, or this is in some phase of its process of succession, which are denominated matorraleras, cuamiles, or secondary vegetation.

These areas are mainly made up of shrub and herbaceous species, which do not pass more than 1.5 m high, their coverage is often poor, but in advanced stages of the process of succession can be very closed communities. The main species that form it are Acacia farnesiana, A. pennatula, Argemone ochroleuca, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana glauca, Solanum ferrugineum, Ricinus communis, Wigandia urens, and a great number of grasses and composites among which we can mention Cenchrus echinatus, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Melinis repens and Paspalum notatum among grasses and Baccharis salicifolia, Bidens aequisquama, Melampodium divaricatum, Stevia serrata, Tagetes filifolia and Verbesina fastigiata, within Asteraceae.

It is present throughout the study area, mainly near the populations and intermixing with tropical deciduous forest, oak forest and seasonal agricultural areas, on the eastern slope of the Sierra de Tapalpa and on the north face of the Sierra del Tigre. Occupies an area of 4,939.81 ha, which represents 0.64 %. Both activities, both agriculture and livestock, are closely linked as they benefit each other. The cattle provide manure, which is used as fertilizer for pastures and crops and these serve to feed the animals.

Areas with no apparent vegetation. Corresponds to all areas that are devoid of vegetation such as bodies of water, populations and existing infrastructure, and therefore can not be included under any of the types of vegetation mentioned above, and corresponds to 4.62 % with a surface occupation of 6,815.58 ha (Table 7).

Table 7 Area and percentage of each type of vegetation and land use recorded in the Sayula sub-basin, Jalisco, Mexico. ha = hectares; % = percentage. 

Vegetation type ha %
Tropical Deciduous Forest 36 436.05 24.69
Pine Forest 23 411.26 15.87
Halophytic Vegetation 6 865.32 4.65
Oak Forest 5 209.59 3.53
Oak-Pine Forest 5 015.74 3.40
Thorn Forest 3 169.96 2.15
Pine-Oak Forest 404.77 0.27
Aquatic Vegetation 96.41 0.07
Land Use
Irrigation Agriculture 27 609.14 18.71
Temporary Agriculture 27 307.52 18.51
Areas without vegetation 6 815.58 4.62
Population 2 412.41 1.63
Communication Paths 1 319.22 0.89
Livestock 939.81 0.64
Lagoon 544.52 0.37
Total 147 557.29 100

Discussion

Floristic diversity. The diversity of the flora in the study area is the result of the great heterogeneity of environments that allow the development of a variety of plant communities, each of which offers special conditions for the development of different species.

Within the vascular flora of the Sayula sub-basin is represented 3 % of vascular plants, 14.54 % of the genera and 38 % of the families for Mexico (Villaseñor 2016). In only 1.84 % of the state territory is represented 48 % of families of the 235, 27 % of the genera of 415 and 9.6 % of the 7,155 species reported by Villaseñor (2016) for the State.

The main families recorded Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae coincide equally with the 15 most diverse families of Mexico, results that are ratified with the present study.

Similarly, the five most diverse genera such as Solanum, Euphorbia, Quercus, Ipomoea, Salvia, are also the most numerous and widely distributed in the country (Villaseñor 2016). This is corroborated by the different floristic works carried out in different regions of the country (Cabrera-Luna & Gómez-Sánchez 2005, Frías-Castro et al. 2013, Morales-Saldaña et al. 2015 and Morales-Arias et al. 2016).

In Jalisco, the genus Solanum has the highest number of species within this family, and it should be noted that in this area of study 21 species were recorded, corresponding to 38 % of the 55 species reported for Jalisco (Cuevas-Arias et al. 2008). The dominance of this genus may be due to the fact that, like many other Solanaceae, they are favored by disturbed ecological conditions preferring degraded or rudimentary areas (Cuevas-Arias op cit.); Others prefer very specific ecological habitats, such as Lycium carolinianum, which grows exclusively around salt lakes and periodically flooded, collected around the Laguna de Sayula.

Villegas-Flores et al. (1995) reported in the area the presence of Cirsium horridulum Michx. var. horridulum and Ledenbergia macrantha Standl., with this study expanding the distribution of the two species. The first one was previously known of the type locality, in the Villa Corona lagoon (McVaugh 1984). And the second had only been reported from localities in the states of Colima, Veracruz and the southern portion of Jalisco in the Atenquique gorge (Oliva & Ramón 1992).

Biological forms. Herbs and shrubs were the dominant biological forms, coinciding with many floristic works carried out in Mexico (Villegas-Flores et al. 1995, Guerrero-Nuño & López Coronado 1997, Fernández-Nava et al. 1998, Contreras-Rodríguez et al. 2000, Hernández-Toro 2003, Villaseñor 2004, Cabrera-Luna & Gómez-Sánchez 2005, León de la Luz et al. 2012, Frías-Castro 2013, Villaseñor & Ortíz 2014 and Morales-Saldaña et al. 2015. It was also observed a great correspondence between biological forms and vegetation types in the same way that Cabrera-Luna & Goméz-Sánchez (2005) mention as grasses and shrubs grow in the thorny forest, halophytic grassland and vegetation while trees and shrubs do so in tropical deciduous forest and oak-pine forest.

The great diversity of biological forms found in the study area could be due to the great environmental heterogeneity, as well as to the presence of eight different types of vegetation from the thorn forest of semiarid climate to the aquatic vegetation. The diversity of species and life forms recorded coincides with that reported by Rzedowski (1998), who mentions that the flora of Mexico is rich in species numbers and is also diverse in biological forms, especially in arid and semiarid vegetation.

Species under some category of protection. Only five species included in the NOM-059 were recorded, 18 species in CITES II and 24 species in IUCN (2015). Although the information for protected species, the population status is stable, in many of them it is unknown (Table 4). It was found a report of a new species for the zone according to Villegas-Flores & Ramírez-Delgadillo (1998) Cleomella jaliscensis, for the moment the species is only known of this region, it develops in thorny forest with halophytic vegetation at 1,300 m asl (Figure 3). Is in danger of disappearing since the area where it is developed is subject to grazing. And the most worrying thing is that it is not on any national or international list as a species to be protected. Therefore it is suggested to implement studies on population ecology for some species (Mammillaria scrippsiana, Cleomella jaliscensis, Begonia spp., Hylocereus spp. and Sedum spp.) (Figure 4). Since many of these are still extracted from their natural habitat for sale, others are destroyed by the change of land use, due to the fact that the area is under temporary agriculture and irrigation, mainly those areas of thorny forest that are surrounding the lagoon and those species that develop in the tropical deciduous forest, to have a more objective assessment and include them in the corresponding categories.

Figure 3 Some of the vascular plants present in the Sayula sub-basin. Part I. 1) Isolatocereus dumortieri; 2) Cleomella jaliscensis; 3) Sedum jaliscanum; 4) Bursera bipinnata; 5) Opuntia pubescens; 6) Arctostaphylos pungens. 

Figure 4 Some of the vascular plants present in the Sayula sub-basin. Part II. 7) Polypodium madrense; 8) Cheilanthes kaulfussii; 9) Bursera penicillata; 10) Sedum greggii; 11) Agave inaequidens; 12) Salvia mexicana; 13) Stenocereus queretaroensis. 

Geographic distribution. In only three distribution patterns (endemic, American and from Mexico to Central America), 65.8 % of the recorded flora is housed. It should be noted that of the total number of species registered, only 25 % are endemic to Mexico and 1.3 % are endemic to the west of the country, remaining well below that suggested by Villaseñor (2016), which is 49.8 % for the national flora. This is probably explained by the fact that in the study area, much of the natural vegetation has been replaced by large areas of agriculture, both irrigation and rainfall, which leads to the loss of native biodiversity, which has been replaced by species of cosmopolitan, pantropical or neotropical distribution, benefited by these anthropogenic activities.

Floristic Richness. One of the main reasons that the Sayula sub-basin has registered fewer species/km2 compared to other sites may be due to the anthropic degradation suffered by the region, as mentioned above, large areas for irrigation and temporary agriculture, as both areas make up 37 % of the region, in addition to livestock activity. Due to the great agricultural activity that occurs in the region, in 1978 an intermediate and partial closure was decreed for the extraction of groundwater in the southern part of the lagoon, it was recommended not to increase the exploitation for agricultural purposes and to reserve this area to satisfy future demands of drinking water for the population (Ávila 1994).

Vegetation and land use. This study is a contribution to knowledge of the flora and vegetation of Jalisco, taking into account that only 60 % of the State has been explored (Ramírez-Delgadillo et al. 2010), because there are many areas to explore and many species to be discovered; in addition this floristic information is complemented with a map of current vegetation and the use of soil that develops within the region.

The Sayula sub-basin is crossed by the highway Guadalajara-Colima, which brings as a consequence a great disturbance, mainly in the neighboring plant communities such as aquatic vegetation, thorn forest and halophytic vegetation. The latter being of great importance to waterfowl, both migratory and resident, as it maintains large populations migrating from Alaska, Canada and the USA. During the winter season, as the “Canadian goose” (Chen caerulescens) “freshwater seamstress” (Limnodromus scolopaceus), “western playerito” (Calidris mauri) among others, which feed on different salty grasses such as Distichlis spicata, Eragrostis obtusiflora and Sporobolus pyramidatus. Because this type of vegetation provides shelter, food and protection to these wild species, has been declared a priority area for conservation and has been declared RAMSAR site since 2004.

Based on what has been observed in the field during the years that have been worked in the sub-basin, it is necessary to publicize the problems that affect these vegetable communities and that have an impact on them, since some activities have been detected that break the natural balance of the region, such as garbage dumps, sewage dumps to the lagoon.

On the other hand, agricultural use and extensive livestock tend to reduce natural areas and modify the landscape, which leads to the disappearance of native species and the establishment of invasive species. Other species, on the other hand, are favored by anthropogenic activities such as fires, breach openings, land use change, such as the Cuscuta spp., Heliotropium curassavicum, “mistletoe” Phoradendron spp., Psittacanthus calyculatus, Salsola kali and Verbesina encelioides, whose populations have to increase and spread to other communities.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Sara I. González-Castro, Blanca O. Ávila-Ramírez and Manuel Murillo-Velázquez for their help during field trips and the identification of some of the botanical specimens. To Pablo Carrillo-Reyes for the information provided for the preparation of the floristic listing and photos to Sedum genera and Agave inaequidens. To Oscar Reyna for providing the photos of Cleomella jaliscensis and Opuntia pubescens. To anonymous reviewers for the important suggestions made to the manuscript.

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Associate Editor: Juan Núñez Farfán

Appendix 1

Vascular flora of the Sayula sub-basin, Jalisco, Mexico. The floristic cheklist is presented in alfabetical order by family, genera and species and is divided into the following groups: Lycophyta, Monilophyta, Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta, divided in turn into Complex Magnoliide, Eudicots and Monocotyledons. Biological Form: C= Cane; H= Herb; L= Liana. R= Rosette; S= Shrub; Sf= Suffrutext; Su= Succulent; T= Tree; V= Vine. Habitat: A= Aquatic; E= Epiphyte; Pa= Parasite; R= Rupicolous; T= Terrestrial. Introduced/Native: I=Introduced; N= Native; Af= Africa; As= Asia; Au= Australia; Ea= Euroasia; Eu= Europe; In= India; Sa=South America; Sf= South Africa. Distribution: AME= American; COS=Cosmopolitan; DIS= Disjunct; END-MEX= Endemic to Mexico; END-WEST= Endemic to West Mexico;MEX-CEAM= From Mexico to Central America; MEX-SOAM= From Mexico to South America; NEO= Neotropical; NOA= North American;PAN= Pantropical; USA-CEAM= From USA to Central America; USA-MEX= From USA to Mexico. Vegetation Type: AV= Aquatic Vegetation; HV= Halophytic Vegeteation; OF= Oak Forest; OPF= Oak-Pine Forest; PF=Pine Forest; POF= Pine-Oak Forest; TDF= Tropical Deciduous Forest; THF= Thorn Forest. *Weed. 

Species Biological Form Hábitat Introduced/Native Distribution Vegetation Type
Lycophyta
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella porphyrospora A.Braun H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Monilophyta
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium monanthes L. H T N COS POF
Athyriaceae
Woodsia mollis (Kaulf.) J.Sm. H R N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Blechnaceae
Blechnum occidentale L. H T N NEO TDF, OF
Woodwardia spinulosa M.Martens & Galeotti H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium caudatum (L.)Maxon H T N NEO OF, POF, PF, POF
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cav.) C.Chr. H R N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Elaphoglossum muelleri (E. Fourn.) C.Chr. H R N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Polypodiaceae
Pleopeltis mexicana (Fée) Mickel & Beitel H E N MEX-CEAM OF, PF
Polypodium madrense J.Sm. H E N END-MEX TDF
Pteridaceae
Adiantum andicola Liebm. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Astrolepis sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) D.M. Benham & Windham H R N NEO TDF
Bommeria pedata (Sw.) E. Fourn. H R N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Cheilanthes angustifolia Kunth H T N MEX-CEAM POF
Cheilanthes arizonica (Maxon)Mickel H R N NOA TDF, THF, POF
Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.)Kaulf. H T N PAN POF
Cheilanthes kaulfussii Kunze H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Cheilanthes lozanoi (Maxon) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon H R N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Pellaea oaxacana Mickel & Beitel H R N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.)Link. H T N NEO POF
Pteris cretica L. H R N PAN OF, POF, PF, POF
Schizaeaceae
Anemia hirsuta (L.) Sw. H T N NEO TDF, OF
Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteris pilosa (M. Martens & Galeotti) Crawford H T N MEX-CEAM POF, PF
Pinophyta
Cupressaceae
Callitropsis lusitanica (Mill.)D.P. Little T T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinaceae
Pinus devoniana Lindl. T T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinus douglasiana Martínez T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinus lumholtzii B.L. Rob. & Fernald T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinus maximinoi H.E. Moore T T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinus oocarpa Schiede T T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Magnoliophyta
Complejo Magnoliide
Annonaceae
Annona longiflora S. Watson T T N END-MEX TDF
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia foetida Kunth V T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Ceratophyllaceae
* Ceratophyllum demersum L. H A N COS AV
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius Domin T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Piperaceae
Peperomia galioides Kunth H T N MEX-SOAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Eudicotiledóneas
Acanthaceae
* Aphelandra sp. S T N MEX-SOAM TDF
* Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. H T N AME TDF
Carlowrightia arizonica A.Gray H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Dicliptera peduncularis Nees H T N USA-MEX TDF
Dyschoriste angustifolia (Hemsl.) Kuntze H T N END-MEX TDF
* Elytraria imbricata (VahlPers. H T N AME TDF, OF
Ruellia bourgaei Hemsl. H T N END-MEX TDF
Ruellia lactea Cav. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
TetrAmerium nervosum Nees Sf T N AME TDF
Aizoaceae
* Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. H T N AME TDF, HV
* Trianthema portulacastrum L. H T N PAN TDF
Amaranthaceae
* Achyranthes aspera L. H T N PAN TDF, THF
* Amaranthus hybridus L. H T N AME TDF
* Amaranthus spinosus L. H T N COS TDF
* Atriplex linifolia Humb. & Bonpl. exWilld. S T N END-MEX TDF
* Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. S T I (Au) COS TDF
* Chenopodium album L. H T I (Ea) COS TDF
* Chenopodium ambrosioides L. H T N AME TDF, THF
* Chenopodium mexicanum Moq. H T N END-MEX TDF, THF
* Gomphrena nitida Rothr. H T N USA-MEX TDF, THF
Gomphrena serrata L. H T N AME TDF, THF
Iresine calea (Ibantz) Standl. V T N AME TDF
Iresine interrupta Benth. V T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Suaeda torreyana S.Watson Sf T N NOA OF, POF, HV
Anacardiaceae
Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.)Standl. T T N END-MEX TDF
Anacardiaceae
Rhus trilobata Nutt. S T N NOA OF, POF, PF, POF
* Toxicodendron radicans (L.)Kuntze L T N DIS PF
Apiaceae
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville H T N NOA OF, POF, PF, POF
* Daucus montanus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult. H T N AME OF
Donnellsmithia mexicana (B.L. Rob.) Mathias & Constance H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Eryngium beecheyanum Hook. f. & Arn. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
* Eryngium bonplandii F. Delaroche H T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Micropleura renifolia Lag. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
* Spananthe paniculata Jacq. H T N NEO OF, POF, PF, POF
Apocynaceae
* Asclepias curassavica L. H T N PAN TDF, THF, POF
Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb.ex R.Br. S T I (Sa) AME HV
Funastrum pannosum Schltr. V T N END-MEX TDF
Gonolobus erianthus Decne. V T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Orthosia guilleminiana (Decne.)Liede & Meve V T I (Sa) AME TDF
Plumeria rubra L. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Tabernaemontana tomentosa (Greenm.) A.O.Simões S T N END-MEX TDF
& M.E.Endress
Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Araliaceae
Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. H A N AME AV
Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Asteraceae
Acourtia dugesii (A.Gray) Reveal & R.M.King H T N END-MEX OF
Acourtia wislizeni var. megacephala (A.Gray) Reveal & R.M. King H T N END-MEX OF
* Ageratum corymbosum Zucc. ex Pers. Sf T N MEX-CEAM OF
* Ageratum houstonianum Mill. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
* Ambrosia confertiflora DC. H T N AME TDF
* Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. S T N AME TDF, THF
* Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H.Rob. & Brettell S T N AME TDF, THF, POF
Bidens aequisquama (Fernald) Sherff H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
* Bidens laevis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. H T N AME OF
Bidens lemmonii A.Gray H T N USA-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
* Bidens reptans (L.) G.Don H T N AME THF
* Calyptocarpus vialis Less. H T N USA-MEX TDF, THF
Chromolaena collina (DC.)R.M. King & H. Rob. S T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
* Cirsium horridulum Michx. H T N USA-CEAM POF, AV
Conoclinium betonicifolium (Mill.)R.M. King & H. Rob. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
* Conyza coronopifolia Kunth H T N MEX-SOAM PF, POF
Cosmos carvifolius Benth. H T N END-MEX THF, OF, POF, PF, POF
Dahlia coccinea Cav. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
* Delilia biflora (L.)Kuntze H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, THF, POF
Dyssodia cancellata (Cass.) A. Gray H T N END-MEX TDF
* Dyssodia tagetiflora Lag. H T N END-MEX TDF
* Eclipta prostrata (L.)L. H A N COS TDF
* Erigeron velutipes Hook. & Arn. H T N USA-MEX PF
* Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.)C. Mohr H T N AME TDF
* Florestina pedata (Cav.)Cass. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Galeana pratensis (Kunth) Rydb. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Galinsoga parviflora Cav. H T N COS OF
* Gamochaeta sphacelata (Kunth)Cab H T N DIS HV
* Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.)Dunal H A N MEX-SOAM TDF
* Heterosperma pinnatum Cav. H T N USA-CEAM OF
Hieracium pringlei A.Gray H T N USA-CEAM POF
Hofmeisteria schaffneri (A.Gray) R.M.King & H.Rob. S T N END-MEX POF
Iostephane heterophylla (Cav.)Benth. H T N END-MEX POF
Jaegeria sterilis McVaugh H T N END-MEX PF
* Lagascea decipiens Hemsl. S T N USA-MEX TDF
* Melampodium americanum L. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
* Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.)DC. H T N MEX-CEAM PF
Melampodium nutans Stuessy H T N END-MEX TDF, THF
* Melampodium paniculatum Gardner H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, THF
* Melampodium sericeum Lag. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
* Milleria quinqueflora L. H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, THF
* Montanoa bipinnatifida (Kunth)K. Koch S T N END-MEX TDF, POF
* Montanoa tomentosa Cerv. S T N USA-MEX TDF, POF
* Neurolaena lobata (L.)R.Br. ex Cass. S T N AME THF, TDF, POF
* Parthenium bipinnatifidum (Ortega)Rollins H T N END-MEX TDF
* Parthenium hysterophorus L. H T N MEX-SOAM TDF
* Pectis prostrata Cav. H T N AME TDF, POF
Piptothrix areolare (DC.)R.M. King & H. Rob. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Podachaenium eminens (Lag.)Sch. Bip. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Porophyllum ruderale var. macrocephalum (DC.) Cronquist H T N AME TDF
Psacalium eriocarpum (S.F. Blake)S.F. Blake H T N END-WEST OF, POF, PF, POF
* Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Aubl.) C.F. Baker H T N AME TDF
* Pseudoconyza viscosa (Mill.)D’Arcy H T N COS TDF
* Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth)Anderb. H T N USA-CEAM HV, PF, OF
Roldana albonervia (Greenm.)H. Rob. & Brettell S T N END-MEX TDF
* Roldana heracleifolia (Hemsl.)H. Rob. & Brettell H T N END-MEX TDF
* Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.)Kuntze ex Thell. H T N AME OF
Senecio mexicanus McVaugh H T N END-MEX OF, PF
* Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.)Pers. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Simsia foetida (Cav.)S.F. Blake H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Simsia lagascaeformis DC. H T N USA-CEAM TDF
* Sonchus oleraceus L. H T I (Eu) COS TDF, THF
* Stevia ovata Willd. H T N USA-CEAM TDF, POF
* Stevia serrata Cav. H T N AME TDF, POF
Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.)G.L. Nesom H T N AME AV
* Tagetes erecta L. H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
* Tagetes filifolia Lag. H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, POF
* Tagetes lunulata Ortega H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Tithonia tubiformis (Jacq.)Cass. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
* Tridax coronopifolia (Kunth)Hemsl. S T N END-MEX TDF
* Trixis mexicana var. mexicana Lex. Sf T N END-MEX PF
* Verbesina fastigiata B.L. Rob. & Greenm. S T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Verbesina grayii (Sch. Bip.)Benth. ex Hemsl. S T N END-MEX TDF
Verbesina klattii B.L. Rob. & Greenm. H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
* Verbesina sphaerocephala A. Gray S T N END-MEX TDF, POF
* Vernonia alamanii DC. S T N END-MEX TDF
Viguiera flava (Hemsl.) S.F. Blake H T N END-MEX TDF
* Xanthium strumarium L. S T N NOA TDF
* Zinnia Americana (Mill.)Olorode & A.M. Torres H T N AME TDF, THF
* Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. H T I (Sa) AME TDF, THF
Basellaceae
Anredera vesicaria (Lam.)C.F. Gaertn. H T N AME TDF
Begoniaceae
Begonia balmisiana Ruiz ex Klotzsch H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Begonia gracilis Kunth H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Betulaceae
Alnus acuminata Kunth T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Alnus jorullensis Kunth T T N MEX-CEAM POF
Bignoniaceae
* Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth S T N NEO TDF
Bixaceae
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. T T N NEO TDF
Boraginaceae
Bourreria sp. S T N NEO TDF
Ehretia latifolia Loisel. ex A. DC. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Heliotropium angiospermum Murray Sf T N AME TDF
* Heliotropium curassavicum L. H T N AME TDF
* Heliotropium indicum L. H T N COS TDF, THF
* Lithospermum sp. H T N AME PF, OF
* Nama jamaicensis L. H T N AME TDF
* Nama undulatum Kunth H T N DIS TDF
Oncaglossum pringlei (Greenm.) Sutorý H T N END-MEX TDF
* Tournefortia mutabilis Vent. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Tournefortia volubilis L. L T N NEO TDF
* Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth S T N MEX-SOAM THF
Brassicaceae
* Brassica rapa L. H T N COS TDF, THF
* Lepidium draba L. H T I (Ea) COS TDF, POF
Lepidium graminifolium L. H T N COS TDF
* Lepidium virginicum L. H T N COS TDF
Sinapis alba L. H T I (Ea) COS TDF, THF
Burseraceae
Bursera bipinnata (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Engl. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
Bursera copallifera (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Bullock T T N END-MEX TDF
Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl. T T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Bursera palmeri S. Watson T T N END-MEX TDF
Bursera penicillata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.)Engl. T T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Bursera roseana Rzed., Calderón & Medina T T N END-MEX TDF
Cactaceae
Hylocereus purpusii (Weing.)Britton & Rose Su E N END-MEX TDF, POF
Hylocereus undatus (Haw.)Britton & Rose Su E N MEX-CEAM TDF
Isolatocereus dumortieri (Scheidw.)Backeb. Su T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Mammillaria scrippsiana (Britton & Rose)Orcutt Su T N END-MEX THF
Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart. ex Pfeiff.) Console Su T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Nopalea cochenillifera (L.)Salm-Dyck Su T N AME TDF, THF
Opuntia atropes Rose Su T N END-MEX THF
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.)Mill. Su T N MEX-SOAM THF
Opuntia fuliginosa Griffiths Su T N END-MEX THF
Opuntia jaliscana Bravo Su T N END-MEX THF
Opuntia joconostle F.A.C. Weber Su T N END-MEX THF
Opuntia pubescens H.L.Wendl. ex Pfeiff. Su T N AME THF
Opuntia pumila Rose Su T N END-MEX THF
Opuntia undulata Griffiths Su T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm. ex S. Watson) Su T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Britton & Rose
Pereskia aculeata Mill. S T N MEX-SOAM THF
Pereskiopsis diguetii (F.A.C. Weber)Britton & Rose Su T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Stenocereus queretaroensis (F.A.C. Weber ex Mathes.)Buxb. Su T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Campanulaceae
* Diastatea micrantha (Kunth)McVaugh H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, THF
* Diastatea tenera (A. Gray)McVaugh H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
* Lobelia fenestralis Cav. H T N USA-MEX TDF, POF
Lobelia hartwegii Benth. ex A.DC. H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Lobelia jaliscensis McVaugh H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
* Lobelia laxiflora Kunth H T N AME OF, POF
Cannabaceae
* Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch)Liebm. S T N DIS THF
Celtis reticulata Torr. T T N USA-MEX TDF
Caprifoliaceae
Valeriana urticifolia Kunth H T N MEX-SOAM TDF
Caricaceae
Jarilla heterophylla (Cerv. ex La Llave)Rusby V T N END-MEX TDF
Caryophyllaceae
* Drymaria glandulosa Bartl. H T N AME TDF
Drymaria leptophylla (Cham. & Schltdl.)Fenzl ex Rohrb. H T N USA-MEX TDF
* Drymaria villosa Schltdl. & Cham. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Cistaceae
Helianthemum sp. Sf T N USA-MEX OF
Cleomaceae
Cleomella jaliscensis E. Villegas & R. Delgad. S T N END-WEST TDF, THF
Clethraceae
Clethra hartwegii Britton T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Convolvulaceae
* Convolvulus arvensis L. V T I (Eu) COS TDF, THF
* Cuscuta corymbosa Ruiz & Pav. H Pa N AME TDF, THF
* Cuscuta umbellata Kunth H Pa N AME TDF, THF
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.)L. H T N PAN POF
Ipomoea bracteata Cav. V T N END-MEX TDF
Ipomoea capillacea (Kunth)G. Don H T N AME TDF, THF
Ipomoea coccinea L. V T N NOA TDF
* Ipomoea intrapilosa Rose T T N END-MEX TDF
* Ipomoea mairetii Choisy V T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Ipomoea murucoides Roem. & Schult. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Ipomoea neei (Spreng.)O’Donell L T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth V T N PAN TDF
Ipomoea parasitica (Kunth)G. Don V T N NEO TDF
Ipomoea pauciflora M. Martens & Galeotti subsp. pauciflora T T N END-MEX TDF
* Ipomoea purpurea (L.)Roth V T N COS TDF, THF
* Merremia quinquefolia (L.)Hallier f. V T N AME TDF, THF
* Quamoclit coccinea var. coccinea V T N USA-MEX TDF
* Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. V T N AME TDF, THF
Crassulaceae
Echeveria waltheri Moran & J.Meyrán Su T N END-MEX TDF
Sedum ebracteatum Moc. & Sessé ex DC. H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Sedum greggii Hemsl. H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Sedum jaliscanum S. Watson H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Cucurbitaceae
* Apodanthera undulata A. Gray V T N USA-MEX TDF, THF
* Sechiopsis triquetra (Moc. & Sessé ex Ser.) Naudin V T N END-MEX TDF, THF
* Sicyos microphyllus Kunth H T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Ericaceae
Arbutus tessellata P.D. Sørensen T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth T T N USA-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth S T N USA-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.)Diggs S T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Vaccinium stenophyllum Steud. S T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Euphorbiaceae
* Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. H T N AME TDF, THF
Acalypha mollis Kunth S T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
Acalypha ocymoides Kunth H T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Acalypha setosa A. Rich. H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, THF
Cnidoscolus spinosus Lundell T T N END-MEX TDF
Croton adspersus Benth. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Croton ciliatoglandulifer Ortega S T N USA-CEAM TDF
Croton flavescens Greenm. S T N END-MEX TDF
* Euphorbia anychioides Boiss. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Euphorbia ariensis Kunth H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Euphorbia colletioides Benth. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Euphorbia cotinifolia L. S T N NEO TDF
* Euphorbia cyathophora Murray H T N USA-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Euphorbia cymosa Poir. Sf T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Euphorbia densiflora (Klotzsch)Klotzsch H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Euphorbia dentata Michx. H T N COS TDF
* Euphorbia graminea Jacq. H T N NEO TDF
* Euphorbia heterophylla L. H T N COS TDF, THF, POF
* Euphorbia hirta L. H T N NEO TDF
Euphorbia lineata S.Watson H T N END-MEX TDF
* Euphorbia nutans Lag. S T N AME TDF
* Euphorbia serpens Kunth H T N AME TDF, THF
Manihot chlorosticta Standl. & Goldman S T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Tragia nepetifolia Cav. H T N AME TDF
* Ricinus communis L. S T I (Af) PAN SV
Fabaceae
* Acacia cochliacantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. S T N END-MEX THF
* Acacia farnesiana (L.)Willd. S T N AME TDF, THF
Acacia macilenta Rose S T N END-MEX THF
* Acacia pennatula (Schltdl. & Cham.)Benth. S T N AME THF
Acaciella angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose S T N AME TDF
* Astragalus guatemalensis Hemsl. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Astragalus scutaneus Barneby H T N END-WEST TDF
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. T T N AME TDF
Calliandra houstoniana var. anomala (Kunth) Barneby S T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC. V T N NEO OF, POF, PF, POF
Coursetia caribaea (Jacq.)Lavin S T N NEO OF, POF, PF, POF
Coursetia glandulosa A. Gray S T N USA-MEX TDF
* Crotalaria mollicula Kunth Sf T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Crotalaria rotundifolia J.F.Gmel. H T N USA-CEAM TDF
* Dalea foliolosa (Aiton) Barneby H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Dalea obovatifolia Ortega H T N END-MEX TDF
Desmodium affine Schltdl. H T N MEX-SOAM TDF
Desmodium cinereum (Kunth) DC. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Desmodium neomexicanum A. Gray H T N AME TDF
Desmodium orbiculare Schltdl. S T N END-MEX TDF
* Desmodium procumbens var. transversum (Robinson & H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Greenm.)B.G. Schub.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.)Griseb. T T N NEO TDF
Eriosema diffusum (Kunth)G. Don S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Eriosema pulchellum (Kunth)G. Don Sf T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Erythrina breviflora DC. S T N END-MEX TDF
Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega)Sarg. T T N END-MEX OF
* Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. S T N NEO TDF
Lotus sp. Sf T N MEX-CEAM POF
Lupinus exaltatus Zucc. H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Lysiloma acapulcense (Kunth)Benth. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Lysiloma divaricatum (Jacq.)J.F. Macbr. T T N END-MEX TDF
* Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.)Urb. V T N NEO TDF, THF, POF
Macroptilium gibbosifolium (Ortega)A. Delgado V T N USA-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
* Marina neglecta (Robinson)Barneby H T N END-MEX TDF
* Melilotus indicus (L.) All. H T I (Eu) COS TDF
Mimosa minutifolia B.L. Rob. & Greenm. S T N END-WEST TDF
Nissolia microptera Poir. V T N END-MEX TDF
* Parkinsonia aculeata L. T T N NEO TDF
* Phaseolus coccineus L. V T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Phaseolus jaliscanus Piper V T N END-WEST TDF, THF, POF
* Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)Benth. T T N USA-CEAM THF
* Prosopis laevigata (Willd.)M.C.Johnst. T T N USA-MEX THF, TDF, HV
Senna atomaria (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby S T N NEO TDF
* Senna hirsuta var. hirta H.S. Irwin & Barneby S T N NEO TDF
* Trifolium amabile Kunth H T N USA-CEAM TDF
* Vigna luteola (Jacq.)Benth. V T N PAN TDF
* Zornia reticulata Sm. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Fagaceae
Quercus candicans Née T T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Quercus castanea Née T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Quercus crassipes Bonpl. T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Quercus deserticola Trel. T T N END-MEX POF
Quercus gentryi C.H. Mull. T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Quercus laeta Liebm. T T N END-MEX POF, TDF
Quercus magnoliifolia Née T T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Quercus obtusata Bonpl. T T N END-MEX POF, BE
Quercus resinosa Liebm. T T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Quercus salicifolia Née T T N MEX-CEAM POF, TDF
Quercus subspathulata Trel. T T N END-MEX OF, TDF
Fouquieriaceae
Fouquieria formosa Kunth S T N USA-MEX TDF
Gentianaceae
Centaurium calycosum (Buckley)Fernald H T N USA-MEX TDF, THF
Eustoma exaltatum (L.)Salisb. ex G. Don H T N AME AV
Lamiaceae
Condea albida (Kunth)Harley & J.F.B. Pastore S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Cunila polyantha Benth. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Hyptis albida Kunth S T N AME PF, POF
* Leonotis nepetifolia (L.)R.Br. H T N AME TDF, OF
* Lepechinia caulescens (Ortega)Epling H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Prunella vulgaris L. H T N COS TDF
* Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
Salvia iodantha Fernald S T N END-MEX POF, BE
* Salvia lavanduloides Kunth H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF
* Salvia misella Kunth H T N AME THF
Salvia mocinoi Benth. Sf T N MEX-CEAM POF
Salvia nepetoides Kunth H T N END-MEX POF
Salvia mexicana L. H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Salvia reptans Jacq. H T N USA-MEX-CEAM POF
Salvia setulosa Fernald H T N END-MEX OF
* Stachys coccinea Ortega H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
Stachys germanica var. polystachya (Ten.) Nyman H T N NOA OF, POF, PF, POF
Vitex mollis Kunth T T N END-MEX TDF
Lentibulariaceae
Pinguicula oblongiloba A.DC. H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Pinguicula parvifolia B.L. Rob. H T N END-MEX OF
Linderniaceae
Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.)Pennell H T N USA-CEAM AV
Loasaceae
Gronovia scandens L. H T N AME TDF
Loranthaceae
Cladocolea grahamii (Benth.)Tiegh. S Pa N END-MEX OF
Cladocolea microphylla (Kunth)Kuijt S Pa N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Notanthera palmeri (S. Wats.)Engl. S Pa N END-MEX OF, PF
* Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don. S Pa N MEX-SOAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Lythraceae
* Cuphea aequipetala Cav. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Cuphea hookeriana Walp. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Cuphea humifusa S.A. Graham H T N END-MEX TDF
Cuphea jorullensis (Kunth) Link H T N END-MEX TDF
Cuphea llavea Lex. H T N END-MEX POF, PF
Heimia salicifolia Link S T N NOA TDF
Malpighiaceae
Galphimia glauca Cav. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Gaudichaudia albida Schltdl. & Cham. L T N MEX-SOAM TDF
Gaudichaudia congestiflora A. Juss. L T N END-MEX TDF
* Malpighia mexicana A. Juss. S T N END-MEX TDF
Malvaceae
Abutilon abutiloides (Jacq.)Garcke ex Hochr. H T N USA-MEX TDF
Abutilon reventum S. Watson Sf T N END-MEX TDF
Abutilon simulans Rose H T N END-MEX TDF
* Anoda acerifolia Cav. H T N AME TDF
* Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. H T N AME TDF
Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth) Britten & Baker f. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky H T N NEO TDF
Malvastrum bicuspidatum (S. Watson)Rose Sf T N END-MEX TDF
* Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)Garcke Sf T N COS TDF
* Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF, PF, POF
Pseudabutilon orientale (Standl. & Steyerm.) Fryxell Sf T N END-MEX TDF
* Sida abutifolia Mill. H T N AME THF
Sida barclayi Baker f. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Sida glabra Mill. H T N PAN TDF
* Sida rhombifolia L. S T N PAN TDF
* Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don H T N NEO TDF
Triumfetta gonophora W.W. Thomas & McVaugh S T N END-WEST TDF
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. S T N NEO TDF, POF
* Waltheria indica L. Sf T N PAN TDF, THF
Martyniaceae
* Martynia annua L. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
* Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.)Thell. H T N USA-MEX PF, TDF
Melastomataceae
Clidemia matudae L.O.Williams S T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Menispermaceae
Cocculus diversifolius DC. V T N USA-MEX TDF
Moraceae
Ficus cotinifolia subsp. cotinifolia Kunth in H.B.K. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Ficus cotinifolia subsp. myxaefolia Kunth & Bouché)Carvajal T T N END-MEX TDF
Ficus crocata (Miq.) Miq. T T N NEO TDF
Ficus goldmanii subsp. horaliae Carvajal T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Ficus insipida subsp. radulina (S. Watson) Carvajal T T N END-MEX TDF
Ficus insipida Willd. subsp. insipida T T N NEO TDF
Ficus pertusa L.f. T T N NEO TDF
Ficus petiolaris Kunth T T N END-MEX TDF
Nyctaginaceae
* Allionia incarnata L. H T N AME TDF
* Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl. Sf T N AME TDF
* Mirabilis jalapa L. H T N AME TDF
Mirabilis viscosa Cav. H T N AME TDF
Pisoniella arborescens (Lag. & Rodr.)Standl. S T N AME TDF
* Salpianthus purpurascens (Cav. ex Lag.)Hook. & Arn. H T N MEX-SOAM THF
Oleaceae
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.)Lingelsh. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Onagraceae
* Lopezia miniata Lag. ex DC. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Ludwigia peploides (Kunth)P.H.Raven H A N AME TDF
Opiliaceae
Agonandra racemosa (DC.)Standl. S T N END-MEX TDF
Orobanchaceae
Castilleja mcvaughii N.H. Holmgren S T N END-WEST OF, POF, PF, POF
* Castilleja tenuifolia M. Martens & Galeotti H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
Lamourouxia multifida Kunth H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Pedicularis tripinnata M. Martens & Galeotti H T N END-MEX TDF
Oxalidaceae
* Oxalis latifolia Kunth H T N AME PF, POF
Papaveraceae
* Argemone ochroleuca Sweet H T N END-MEX TDF, THF
* Bocconia frutescens L. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
Passifloraceae
Passiflora exsudans Zucc. V T N END-MEX TDF
* Passiflora foetida L. V T N USA-CEAM TDF
Phrymaceae
Leucocarpus perfoliatus (Kunth)Benth. S T N AME TDF
Phytolaccaceae
Ledenbergia macrantha Standl. T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Phytolacca icosandra L. H T N PAN TDF, THF
* Rivinia humilis L. H T N AME TDF, THF
Plantaginaceae
* Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. H A N COS AV
* Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small H T N AME THF, AV, HV
* Plantago major L. H T I (Ea) COS AV
Russelia ternifolia Kunth S T N END-MEX TDF, OF
Schistophragma pusillum Benth. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago pulchella Boiss. Sf T N END-MEX TDF, OF
Plumbago zeylanica L. Sf T N DIS TDF, OF
Polemoniaceae
* Loeselia mexicana (Lam.)Brand Sf T N USA-MEX OF
Polygalaceae
Monnina xalapensis Kunth H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF
Polygala albowiana Chodat H T N END-MEX TDF, OF
Polygonaceae
* Polygonum lapathifolium L. H A I (Ea) NEO AV
Portulacaceae
* Portulaca oleracea L. H T I (Eu) COS TDF
Primulaceae
* Anagallis arvensis L. H T I (Ea) COS TDF
Parathesis villosa Lundell S T N END-MEX TDF
Ranunculaceae
* Clematis dioica L. V T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF
Thalictrum peltatum DC. H T N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Resedaceae
Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl ex Hornem.)J.F. Macbr. H T N USA-MEX HV
Rhamnaceae
Colubrina triflora Brongn. ex Sweet S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. S T N USA-MEX TDF
Karwinskia latifolia Standl. S T N END-MEX TDF
Rosaceae
Crataegus mexicana Moci.& Sessé ex DC. T T N MEX-CEAM THF
Lachemilla aphanoides (Mutis ex L. f.) Rothm. H T N MEX-SOAM TDF
Lachemilla sibbaldiifolia (Kunth) Rydb. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav. ex Spreng.) McVaugh T T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl. V T N NEO PF
Rubiaceae
* Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.)Schltdl. Sf T N USA-MEX OF, POF
* Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. S T N NEO TDF
* Crusea diversifolia (Kunth)W.R. Anderson H T N AME TDF, OF
* Crusea longiflora (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) W.R. Anderson H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, OF
Galium mexicanum Kunth V T N USA-CEAM PF, POF
Randia capitata DC. T T N END-MEX TDF
Rutaceae
* Ptelea trifoliata L. T T N NOA TDF
Salicaceae
Salix bonplandiana Kunth T A N AME AV
Salix humboldtiana Willd. T A N AME AV
Xylosma flexuosum (Kunth)Hemsl. T T N NOA TDF
Santalaceae
Phoradendron brachystachyum (DC.)Oliv. S Pa N END-MEX OF, POF, PF, POF
Phoradendron falcatum Eichler S Pa N MEX-CEAM PF
Phoradendron reichenbachianum (Seem.)Oliv. S Pa N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Sapindaceae
* Cardiospermum halicacabum L. V T N PAN TDF
* Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. S T N PAN TDF, POF
* Sapindus saponaria L. T T N AME TDF
Serjania sp. V T N NEO TDF
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleia parviflora Kunth S T N USA-MEX OF, POF
Buddleia sessiliflora Kunth S T N USA-MEX TDF, THF
* Capraria biflora L. Sf T N AME TDF, THF
Solanaceae
Calibrachoa parviflora (Juss.)D’Arcy Sf T N DIS TDF
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Sf T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Cestrum nitidum M. Martens & Galeotti S T N END-MEX TDF
Cestrum thyrsoideum Kunth S T N END-MEX OF, TDF
Cestrum tomentosum L.f. S T N MEX-CEAM POF
* Datura inoxia Mill H T N AME TDF
* Datura stramonium L. H T N AME THF
* Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.)J.L.Gentry H T N MEX-CEAM PF
* Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal)Bitter H T N END-MEX TDF
Lycium carolinianum Walter S T N NOA TDF
* Nicandra physalodes (L.)Gaertn. H T N COS TDF
* Nicotiana glauca Graham S T I (Sa) COS THF
* Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. H T N AME THF
Physalis lignescens Waterf. H T N END-MEX TDF
* Physalis nicandroides Schltdl. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Physalis philadelphica Lam. H T N AME TDF
Physalis waterfallii O. Vargas, M. Martínez & Dávila H T N END-MEX TDF
Solanum adscendens Sendtn. H T N DIS THF
* Solanum americanum Mill. Sf T N COS THF,OF
Solanum aphyodendron S. Knapp S T N AME TDF, POF
Solanum brevipedicellatum K.E. Roe S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. H T N USA-CEAM THF
* Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Sf T N AME PF, POF
Solanum erianthum D. Don S T N MEX-SOAM TDF
Solanum ferrugineum Jacq. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Solanum fructo-tecto Cav. Sf T N END-MEX TDF
Solanum guerreroense Correll H T N END-MEX TDF
Solanum hougasii Correll H T N END-MEX TDF
Solanum lanceolatum Cav. S T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
Solanum nigricans M. Martens & Galeotti S T N MEX-CEAM TDF
* Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Sf T I (Eu) PAN TDF, POF
* Solanum rostratum Dunal Sf T N AME TDF, POF
* Solanum rudepannum Dunal S T N AME TDF
Solanum seaforthianum Andrews V T N COS TDF
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Sf T N AME TDF
* Solanum tridynamum Dunal Sf T N END-MEX TDF
Solanum trifidum Correll H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
* Solanum umbellatum Mill. Sf T N AME TDF, POF
Talinaceae
Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.)Gaertn. H T N NEO TDF
Verbenaceae
* Bouchea prismatica (L.)Kuntze H T N AME TDF
* Lantana camara L. S T N AME TDF
Lantana hirta Graham S T N AME TDF, POF
Lantana involucrata L. S T N AME TDF
Lippia umbellata Cav. T T N MEX-CEAM AV
* Phyla nodiflora (L.)Greene H A N PAN AV
Priva aspera Kunth Sf T N MEX-CEAM TDF, POF
* Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. H T N NOA PF, OF, POF
Violaceae
* Hybanthus verbenaceus (Kunth)Loes. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Viola grahamii Benth. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Vitaceae
* Cissus verticillata (L.)Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis V T N NEO THF
Vitis berlandieri Planch. L T N USA-MEX TDF, OF
Zygophyllaceae
* Tribulus cistoides L. H T N PAN TDF
Monocotiledódeas
Alismataceae
Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. H A N END-MEX AV
Amaryllidaceae
Zephyranthes fosteri H T N END-MEX AV
Araceae
* Lemna gibba L. H A N COS AV
* Xanthosoma robustum Schott H A N MEX-CEAM AV
Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.)Spreng. H T I (Sf) PAN AV
Asparagaceae
Agave angustifolia Haw. Ro T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Agave inaequidens K.Koch Ro T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Agave schidigera Lem. Ro T N END-MEX TDF, OF
Bessera elegans Schult.f. H T N END-MEX OF, PF, POF
Echeandia durangensis (Greenm.) Cruden H T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Echeandia occidentalis Cruden H T N END-WEST TDF, THF, POF
Echeandia parviflora Baker H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Manfreda scabra (Ortega)McVaugh H T N MEX-CEAM OF
Milla biflora Cav. H T N USA-MEX-CEAM PF, OF
Polianthes geminiflora var. clivicola McVaugh H T N END-MEX OF
Prochnyanthes mexicana (Zucc.)Rose H T N END-WEST OF, POF, PF, POF
Bromeliaceae
Pitcairnia sp. Ro T N NEO POF
Tillandsia makoyana Baker H E N END-MEX OF
Tillandsia plumosa Baker H E N END-MEX OF
Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. H E N AME TDF
Tillandsia schiedeana Steud. H E N MEX-SOAM TDF, OF
Tillandsia usneoides (L.)L. H E N AME TDF, OF
Cannaceae
Canna glauca L. H A N AME AV
* Canna indica L. H A N MEX-SOAM AV
Commelinaceae
* Commelina diffusa Burm. f. H T N NEO TDF, THF, POF
* Commelina pallida Willd. H T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Gibasis triflora (M. Martens & Galeotti) D.R. Hunt H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, THF, POF
Tradescantia sp. H T N AME OF, TDF
* Tripogandra purpurascens (Schauer) Handlos H T N MEX-SOAM TDF, THF, POF
Cyperaceae
Amphiscirpus nevadensis (S. Watson) Oteng-Yeb. H T N DIS THF, AV, HV
* Bulbostylis funckii (Steud.) C.B. Clarke H A N AME TDF, THF, POF
Bulbostylis juncoides (Vahl) Kük. ex Osten H A N AME TDF, THF, POF
Cyperus digitatus Roxb. H A N COS TDF, THF, POF
* Cyperus esculentus L. H A N AME AV
* Cyperus odoratus L. H T N COS TDF, THF, AV
* Cyperus rotundus L. H T I (Ea) NEO TDF, THF, AV
Eleocharis macrostachya Britton H T N AME AV
* Rhynchospora colorata (L.)H. Pfeiff. H A N AME TDF, THF, POF
* Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.)Volkart H A N AME AV
Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl)Palla H A N COS AV
Iridaceae
* Sisyrinchium cernuum (E.P. Bicknell)Kearney H T N USA-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Tigridia suarezii Aarón Rodr. & Ortiz-Cat. H T N END-MEX POF
Liliaceae
Calochortus barbatus (Kunt) Painter H T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Calochortus purpureus (Kunth) Baker H T N END-MEX TDF, THF, POF
Marantaceae
* Maranta arundinacea L. H T N NEO TDF, THF, AV
* Thalia geniculata L. H T N AME TDF, THF, AV
Orchidaceae
Epidendrum propinquum A.Rich. & Galeotti H T N MEX-CEAM OF
Govenia sp. H T N NEO OF
Laelia autumnalis (Lex.) Lindl. H T N END-MEX OF
Laelia speciosa (Kunth) Schltr. H T N END-MEX OF
Malaxis carnosa (Kunth) C. Schweinf. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Oncidium brachyandrum Lindl. H T N END-MEX TDF, OF, PF, POF, POF
Triceratostris rhombilabiada subsp. tamayoi (Szlach.) Szlach. H T N END-MEX TDF, OF, PF, POF, POF
& R. González
Poaceae
* Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
* Aristida adscensionis L. H T N AME THF, OF, PF, POF, POF
* Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. H T N AME TDF, POF
Aristida jorullensis Kunth H T N AME POF
* Aristida ternipes Cav. H T N DIS TDF
* Arundo donax L. C A I (As) COS TDF, OF, AV
Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lag.)Herter H T N AME POF, POF
Bothriochloa hirtifolia (J. Presl)Henrard H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.)Herter H T N AME TDF, OF
* Bouteloua aristidoides (Kunth)Griseb. H T N DIS TDF
Bouteloua curtipendula var. caespitosa Gould & Kapadia H T N AME TDF, THF
Bouteloua diversispicula Columbus H T N MEX-CEAM HV, TDF
Bouteloua elata Reeder & C. Reeder H T N END-MEX TDF, THF
* Bouteloua repens (Kunth) Scribn. & Merr. H T N AME TDF, THF
Bouteloua williamsii Swallen H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF
Brachypodium mexicanum (Roem. & Schult.)Link H T N AME PF, POF
var. mexicanum
Bromus catharticus Vahl H T N AME POF
* Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. H T N AME OF
* Cenchrus ciliaris L. H T N AME TDF, THF, HV
* Cenchrus echinatus L. H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
* Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.)Fernald H T N DIS TDF, THF, POF
Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.)Morrone H T I (Af) COS OF, POF
* Chaetium bromoides (J. Presl)Benth. ex Hemsl. H T N MEX-CEAM POF, THF,OF
* Chloris gayana Kunth H T I (Af) NEO TDF, THF, POF
Chloris pycnothrix Trin. H T N AME TDF, OF
* Chloris submutica Kunth H T N AME POF, TDF
* Chloris virgata Sw. H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
* Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. H T I (Af) COS TDF, THF
* Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. H T I (Af) COS TDF, THF
* Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)Willd. H T I (Eu) PAN THF, POF
* Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roem. & Schult. H T I (As) COS TDF, THF, POF
* Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.)Koeler H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
* Digitaria filiformis (L.)Koeler H T N AME TDF, POF, OF
* Digitaria sanguinalis (L.)Scop. H T I (Eu) COS TDF, OF
* Digitaria ternata (A. Rich.) Stapf H T I (Af) COS TDF, HV
* Distichlis spicata (L.)Greene H T N NOA HV
* Echinochloa crus-galli (L.)P. Beauv. H T I (Eu) DIS AV, POF, OF
* Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Kunth)Schult. H T N AME AV, OF
* Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertn. H T I (In) PAN TDF, THF, POF
* Eragrostis cilianensis (All.)Janch. H T I (Eu) COS TDF, POF
* Eragrostis ciliaris (L.)R. Br. H T N AME TDF, POF
* Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. H T N AME TDF, POF
* Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.)Nees H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
* Eriochloa acuminata (J. Presl)Kunth H T N NOA TDF, THF, POF
Eriochloa nelsonii Scribn. & J.G. Sm. H T N MEX-CEAM TDF, OF
Festuca breviglumis Swallen H T N MEX-CEAM PF, POF
* Festuca lugens (E. Fourn.)Hitchc. ex Hern.-Xol. H T N END-MEX POF, PF, POF
Heteropogon contortus (L.)P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. H T N COS TDF, POF, HV
* Hilaria cenchroides Kunth H T N NOA TDF, THF, POF
* Hilaria ciliata (Scribn.)Nash H T N END-MEX TDF
* Hordeum vulgare L. H T N COS PF, POF
* Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees)Stapf H T I (Af) COS TDF, OF, THF
* Ixophorus unisetus (J. Presl) Schltdl. H T N END-MEX TDF, THF
Jouvea pilosa (J. Presl) Scribn. H T N MEX-CEAM THF, AV, HV
Lasiacis nigra Davidse H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (J. Presl) P.M. Peterson H T N AME TDF, HV
& N. Snow
* Melinis repens (Willd.)Zizka H T I (Af) NEO TDF, OF, POF, THF
Muhlenbergia cenchroides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
P.M. Peterson
Muhlenbergia ciliata (Kunth)Trin. H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
Muhlenbergia diversiglumis Trin. H T N AME OF, POF
* Muhlenbergia implicata (Kunth) Trin. H T N AME POF, THF
* Muhlenbergia macroura (Humb. Bonpl. & Kunth) Hitchc. H T N NOA OF, POF, PF, POF
Muhlenbergia rigida (Kunth) Kunth H T N AME POF, OF, PF
Muhlenbergia robusta (E. Fourn.)Hitchc. H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF
* Muhlenbergia tenuifolia (Kunth) Kunth H T N AME OF, POF, PF, POF
* Nassella mucronata (Kunth)R.W. Pohl H T N AME OF, POF
* Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.)P. Beauv. H T N COS TDF, POF, OF
* Oplismenus compositus (L.)P. Beauv. H T N COS TDF, OF, THF
Otatea acuminata (Munro)C.E.Calderón ex Soderstr. C T N MEX-CEAM TDF
Panicum ghiesbreghtii E. Fourn. H T N AME TDF, THF, OF
* Panicum hirticaule J. Presl H T N AME TDF, OF
* Panicum maximum Jacq. H T I (Af) NEO TDF, THF
Paspalum conspersum Schrad. H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
* Paspalum convexum Flüggé H T N AME TDF, THF, POF
Paspalum mutabile Chase H T N END-MEX POF, THF
* Paspalum notatum Flüggé H T N AME OF, POF
Paspalum plicatulum Michx. H T N AME TDF, THF, OF
Paspalum pubiflorum E. Fourn. H T N NOA POF,AV
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. H T N COS TDF
Peyritschia deyeuxioides (Kunth)Finot H T N AME OF, POF
Piptochaetium fimbriatum (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Hitchc. H T N NOA OF, POF, PF, POF
Piptochaetium seleri (Pilg.)Henrard H T N MEX-CEAM OF, POF, PF, POF
Piptochaetium virescens (Kunth)Parodi H T N MEX-CEAM POF, POF
* Poa annua L. H T I (Eu) COS TDF, THF
* Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. H T I (Eu) COS OF, POF, POF
* Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Buse H T N AME OF, POF, TDF
Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston H T N AME TDF, OF
* Setaria parviflora (Poir.) M. Kerguelen H T N AME POF, OF, TDF, THF
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. H T N AME OF, POF, TDF
* Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. H T N AME TDF, OF
* Setariopsis auriculata (E. Fourn.) Scribn. H T N AME TDF, THF
Setariopsis latiglumis (Vasey) Scribn. H T N END-MEX TDF, POF
* Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench H T N COS TDF, THF
* Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. H T I (Eu) COS TDF, THF
Sporobolus atrovirens (Kunth) Kunth H T N END-MEX HV, TDF, THF
Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.)Kunth H T I (Af) COS TDF, HV
* Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. H T N AME TDF
* Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) C.L. Hitchc. H T N AME TDF, POF, HV
Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. H T N NOA TDF, POF
Tripsacum maizar Hern.-Xol. & Randolph H T N END-MEX TDF, POF, AV
* Urochloa meziana (Hitchc.)Morrone & Zuloaga H T N END-MEX POF, TDF, AV
Urochloa plantaginea (Link)R.D. Webster H T N NOA POF, TDF, PF
* Vulpia myuros (L.)C.C. Gmel. H T I (Eu) COS OF, POF, POF
Potamogetonaceae
* Potamogeton nodosus Poir. H A N COS AV
Typhaceae
* Typha domingensis Pers. H A N COS AV
Zingiberaceae
Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig H T I (As) PAN AV

Received: November 25, 2016; Accepted: August 02, 2017

* Corresponding author: Miguel Ángel Macías-Rodríguez, e-mail: mmacias@cucba.udg.mx.

Author contributions. Miguel Ángel Macías-Rodríguez: Conceived, designed, collected and identified the pteridophytes, and some botanical families and drafted the project. Hector Gerardo-Frías Ureña: Elaborated the map and description of the vegetation, revised the draft. Sergio Honorio Contreras-Rodríguez: Collected and identified grasses and some botanical families, revised the draft. Alfredo Frías-Castro: Collected and identified some botanical families and analyzed the data on floristic wealth, revised the draft.

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