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Introduction
Acute appendicitis (AA) is a common surgical emergency. Since its first use in 1983, laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has become widely used1. There are lots of studies on the advantages of LA2-4. Among them, better cosmetic appearance, earlier return to daily life, and less pain feeling can be mentioned. Having been a safe and efficient method, LA is suggested as the first choice in the treatment of AA5.
In LA, closure of the appendix stump is an important step and various ligature methods have been used. Of course, this method must be safe and easy-to-use as well as an economical one. The most preferred ones in stump closure are non-absorbable polymeric clips, laparoscopic staplers, endoloop ligature, titanium endoclips, and knot-tying ligation6. Every center might use one closure method more frequently than others, depending on the habits of the surgeon and the preference of the center.
Certainly, the easiness to use and financial cost should be taken into consideration when choosing the technique. Despite knot-tying suture is of low cost, no absorbable polymer clips and end-loop ligature are preferred more due to their ease of use.
In this study, comparison of non-absorbable polymeric clips, knot-tying, and endoloop ligature closure of the appendix stump was aimed.
Materials and methods
This retrospective study involved the AA patients older than 18 years of age who underwent LA between January 2011 and December 2019 and in whom the appendix stump was closed using one of three methods. Group 1 was non-absorbable polymeric clips (Click’a ligating clips, Grena, UK); Group 2 was knot-tying 0 polyglactin suture (Sterilactin, YU-CE, Turkey), and Group 3 was the endoloop ligature used patients, respectively. In Group 2, knot-pusher was used for ligation. In Group 3, laparoscopic loop ligature (Surgitie, Medtronics, US) was used.
The retrospective study approval was taken from the hospital education board. The informed consent of all patients was taken.
The data of 338 patients were analyzed and 28 of them were excluded as they could not be followed postoperatively.
The age, gender, surgical site infection, post-operative complication, and hospital stay periods were recorded.
SPSS 23.0 program was used for data analysis. Categorical parameters were number and per cent; continuous parameters were mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum.
The compatibility of parameters to normal distribution was analyzed using visual (histograms and possibility graphics) and analytic (Kolmogorov–Smirnov/Shapiro–Wilk Tests) methods. The categorical parameters were compared using the Chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test. The parameters non-compatible to normal distribution were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Bonferroni post hoc method was used to find the cause of difference among the groups. P < 0.05 was significant for all tests.
Results
There were 310 patients of whom 148 (47.7%) were female and 162 (52.3%) were male. The mean age was 33.57 ± 12.60 years. Group 1 was non-absorbable polymeric clips; Group 2 was knot-tying suture, and Group 3 was the endoloop ligature used patients, respectively. Non-absorbable polymeric medium and large clips were used in Group 1 and 2/0 coated polyglactin was used in Group 2, respectively. Endoloop ligature was 0 coated polyglactin.
There were 126, 101, and 83 patients in Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively (Table 1). There was neither appendiceal stump leakage nor intra-abdominal infection in none of the groups. There was a local trocar site infection only in 11 patients and was medically treated. There was not any statistically important difference in terms of surgical site infection among the groups (Table 2). Furthermore, hospital stay duration did not show any difference between the groups. However, operation duration in Group 1 was found to be shorter compared to the other groups (Table 3) (Fig. 1).
Table 1 Patient demographics
| Groups | Total | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | |||||
| n | 63 | 47 | 38 | 148 | 0.801 |
| % | 50.0% | 46.5% | 45.8% | 47.7% | |
| Male | |||||
| n | 63 | 54 | 45 | 162 | |
| % | 50.0% | 53.5% | 54.2% | 52.3% | |
Table 2 Port-site infection
| Groups | Total | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |||
| Infection | |||||
| negative | |||||
| n | 122 | 98 | 79 | 299 | 0.763 |
| % | 96.8% | 97.0% | 95.2% | 96.5% | |
| positive | |||||
| n | 4 | 3 | 4 | 11 | |
| % | 3.2% | 3.0% | 4.8% | 3.5% | |
Discussion
The incidence of AA is said to be 8%7. Such a common cause of acute abdomen results in serious time and financial cost on emergency services and operation theatres. Having the advantages of decreasing hospital stay, post-operative pain, and return to daily life, LA should also be taken into consideration because of its cost. The closure of the appendix stump is an important step in LA1,8. The safety, cost-effectivity, and easy applicability of the closure technique are the reasons for preference. However, there is not a consensus on an optimum closure technique.
The knot-tying suture is a more difficult technique to use and necessitates more experience compared to the others, which might prolong the operation time and results in less preference of it by the inexperienced surgeons6. It can be ligated either intracorporeally or extracorporeally using a knot-pusher. We used extracorporeal technique in our patients and it was easy to push and ligate it using the knot-pusher. We used 2/0 coated polyglactin and it was very cost-effective with its price of 0.48 US dollar and very advantageous.
Non-absorbable polymer clips have been reported to be preferred one as a safe, practical, and cost-effective method9,-11. We detected that it was the most preferred method in our study with the number of 126 cases in Group 1. The lock system is its advantage making it safer.
It costs US$ 16.9, and it is more expensive than that of the knot-tying suture. However, it shortened the operation duration significantly and seems to be its advantage6,10-12.
Endoloop ligature seems to be the most expensive technique with its cost of 24 US dollars in our study. Along with its cost, its easiness-to-use was found to be more difficult compared to that of clips; especially in extremely inflamed appendix tissue, its sliding from tip around the tissue to the base was reported not to be so easy13.
Another advantage of non-absorbable polymeric clips is the presence of five clips in one package compared to the one laparoscopic loop in a package, which enables us to re-try the closure using the content of the same package in clips use if any failure occurs or more ligatures are needed. However, we did not find any superiority of the endoloop ligature to the clips in terms of operation duration in our study.
This study showed that all three techniques were safe in stump closure as any leakage or abscess formation was not observed in any of the groups. In light of this information, residents and inexperienced surgeons are better to use non-absorbable polymer clips or extracorporeal knot-tying during the learning period. The surgeons experienced in laparoscopic intracorporeal suture ligation might prefer intracorporeal tying. Still, the optimum one is extracorporeal knot-tying with knot pusher use in terms of financial cost and operation duration.
The shortest mean operation duration was found to be 51.35 ± 16.95 min in Group 1 and it was significant in our study. This result reveals that non-absorbable polymer clips use provides a more practical and faster stump closure. This shorter operation duration means shorter operation room occupying, decreasing the operative cost per cases.
As a result, although all three techniques are safe in LA, having a shorter operation time, thus less general anesthesia exposure, less experience need, and being practical-to-use, non-absorbable polymer clips can be used. Another useful alternative, despite it prolongs the operation time, is extracorporeal knot-tying with knot-pusher use with the most economical cost.
