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Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología
versão On-line ISSN 2594-0732versão impressa ISSN 1405-7743
Ing. invest. y tecnol. vol.6 no.3 Ciudad de México Jul./Set. 2005
Artículos
Los ciclos de manejo, una herramienta útil si es dinámica para evaluar el consumo de combustible y las emisiones contaminantes del auto transporte
1 Laboratorio de Control de Emisiones, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. E-mail: rog1950@servidor.unam.mx
Una revisión de la literatura especializada sobre los ciclos de manejo que se han desarrollado y que se siguen desarrollando en distintos países, permite hacer algunas reflexiones sobre el tema, además de comentar sobre las actividades de experimentación que se han llevado a cabo en el Laboratorio de Control de Emisiones de la Facultad de Ingeniería. Los investigadores de distintos países que trabajan sobre este tema, han reportado cambios en los patrones de conducción, el Federal Test Procedure, que fue de los primeros ciclos que se desarrollaron (inició a mitad de los 60’s) ha sufrido cambios desde muchos, años atrás para estar actualizado como se menciona en EPA (1998). De igual forma, algunos países de la Unidad Europea han desarrollado diferentes ciclos de manejo, y al compararlos con el EURO93, se comenta que debe actualizarse, ya que no satisface los requisitos para reproducir las condiciones de conducción reales, principalmente en zonas urbanas (André M. Robert et al., 2001).
Hoy en día, no sólo son preocupantes las emisiones que afectan directamente a la salud, sino también el uso inmoderado de los combustibles, ya que además de consumirse productos no renovables, se generan grandes volúmenes de uno de los gases de efecto invernadero, el CO2. Debería existir un compromiso real de todos los países del orbe, principalmente de aquellos altamente industrializados para que reduzcan la generación de CO2, y como uno de los sectores que consumen grandes volúmenes de energéticos es el del auto transporte, es inquietante saber qué se está haciendo al respecto. En el presente artículo se mencionan algunos puntos de vista acerca de estas actividades.
Descriptores: Ciclos de manejo mexicanos; evaluación del consumo de combustible y de las emisiones contaminantes en el transporte por carretera; un panorama mundial de los ciclos de manejo
A review of the specialized literature over driving cycles which have been developed in many cities and countries, allow to make some reflections over this topic, and to comment about the experimentation activities (on the roads, motorways, in the laboratory and by computational models). The researchers that work in this field have reported substantial changes in the driving patterns. Federal Test Procedure was one of the first cycles to be developed (it was known in the decade of the 60’s) and it has suffered changes from many years ago in order to be modernized EPA (1998). In the same way, many countries of the European Comunity have developed different driving cycles and when these have been compared with EURO93, it was commented that the actual cycle should be modernized because it doesn’t reproduce the real world conditions, mainly in urban areas (André M. Robert et al., 2001).
Nowadays not only should we be concerned by the emissions that directly affect health, but also the exaggerated fuel consumption. In addition to wasting non-renewable products, it generates large volumes of one of the greenhouse gases, CO2.
A commitment exist in all countries, mainly those which are highly industrialized to reduce the generation of CO2, and as Road Transport is one of the sectors that consumes largest volumes of energy it’s interesting to know what is being done in this respect. In this paper some points of view are mentioned concerning the researchers (from various countries) about the activities that Road Transportation develop to decrease fuel consumption and emissions, and therefore comply with the goals of Kyoto.
Keywords: Mexican driving cycles; assessment fuel consumption and polluting emissions of road transportation; a world scope of the driving cycles
Referencias
EPA (1998). Federal Test Procedure Review Project: Preliminary Technical Report. May 1993, March, pp. 1-207. [ Links ]
André M. Driving Cycles Development: Characterisation of the Methods. SAE Technical Paper Series 961112. [ Links ]
Per Kågenson. (1998). Cycle-Beating and the EU Test Cycle for Cars. European Federation for Transport and Environment, T&E 98/3 November. [ Links ]
Robert M.M., Van Den Brink, Bert Van Wee. (2001). Why a Has Car-Fleet Specific Fuel Consumption not Shown any Decrease Since 1990? Quantitative Analysis of Dutch Passenger Car-Fleet Specific Fuel Consumption. Transportation Research, Part D6, pp. 75-93. [ Links ]
Lee S. y Wienke T. (1994). New Car test and Actual Fuel Economy; yet Another Gap? Transport Policy, 1 (4), pp. 257-265. [ Links ]
Anyon P. (2001). Green Buses on Schedule. Smart Urban Transport, Vol. 1, Sept. pp. 14-18. [ Links ]
Esteves-Boot A., Muneer T., Kirby H., Kubie I., Hunter J. (2001). The Measurement of Vehicular Driving Cycle Within the City of Edinburgh. Transportation Research, Part D 6, pp. 209-220. [ Links ]
Michel A. (2001). Driving Cycles Deriven from Real-World in-Vehicle Measurement for Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles: Principles, Database and Main Results-Particular case of the ARTEMIS Driving Cycles. INRETS France. [ Links ]
Ericsson E. Variability in exhaust emission and fuel consumption in urban driving. Lund University, Sweden. [ Links ]
Svensk Bilproving Motorcenter (1997). Report 9707. [ Links ]
González-Oropeza R. y Galván-Zacarías A. (2003). Desarrollo de ciclos de manejo característicos de la Ciudad de México. Memorias del IX Congreso Anual Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Ingeniería Mecánica, pp. 535-544, SOMIM, México. [ Links ]
Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). Ley general del equilibrio ecológico y la protección al ambiente articulo 3° fración XIV. [ Links ]
Bibliografía sugerida
Brackstone M., McDonald M. y Sultan B. (1689). Dynamic Behavioral Data Collections Using an Instrumented Vehicle. Transportation Research Record, paper No. 99-2535. [ Links ]
De Vliegers I. (1997). On-board Emission and Fuel Consumption Measurement Campaign on Petrol Driven Passenger Cars. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, No 22, pp. 3753-3761. [ Links ]
Directive 1999/96/EC of December 13, 1999. [ Links ]
EPA, 40 CFR Parts, 80, 85, 86. [ Links ]
Ericsson E. (2001). Independent Driving Pattern Factors and their Influence on Fuel-Use And Exhaust Emission Factor. Transportation Research, part D 6, pp. 325-345. [ Links ]
Felstead T., Marsden G., McDonald M.(2001). AVERT-Developing Drive Cycle to Illustrate Driving Conditions in Southampton. Transportation Research Group, University of Southampton, UK. A Interim Report. [ Links ]
Hackney J. y Neufville R. (2001). Life Cycle Model of Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Emissions, Energy, and Cost Trade-Off. Transportation Research, Part A 35, pp. 243-266. [ Links ]
Michel A. (1998). Building-Up of Representative Driving Cycle for the Measurement of Pollutant Emissions from Road Vehicles. Doctoral thesis, INRETS. [ Links ]
Nesvitt K., Sperling D. (2001). Fleet Purchase Behaviour: Decision Process and Implications for new Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. Transportation Research. Part C 9, pp. 297-318. [ Links ]
Powell M. (2000). A Model to Represent Motorcycle Behaviour at Signalised Intersections Incorporating and Amended First Order Macroscopic Approach. Transportation Research, Part A 34, pp. 497-514. [ Links ]
Varhelyi A., Mäkinen T. (2001). The Effects of in-car Speed Limiters: Field Studies. Transportation Research, Part C 9, pp. 191-211. [ Links ]
Vlieger I. De, Keurebere D. De, Kretzschmar J.G. (2000). Environmental Effects of Driving Behaviour and Congestion Related to Passenger Cars. Atmospheric Environment, 34, pp. 4649-4655. [ Links ]
Recibido: Agosto de 2004; Aprobado: Febrero de 2005
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
