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Revista Chapingo. Serie horticultura

versión On-line ISSN 2007-4034versión impresa ISSN 1027-152X

Rev. Chapingo Ser.Hortic vol.26 no.2 Chapingo may./ago. 2020  Epub 15-Mayo-2020

https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2020.01.003 

Scientific article

Genetic parameters of an interspecific cross between S. lycopersicum L. and S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner

Ivan Maryn Marín-Montes1 

Ricardo Lobato-Ortiz1  * 

Guillermo Carrillo-Castañeda1 

Juan Enrique Rodríguez-Pérez2 

J. Jesús García-Zavala1 

Martha Hernández-Rodríguez1 

Ángela Manuela Velasco-García3 

1Colegio de Postgraduados. Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, C. P. 56230, MÉXICO.

2Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Carretera México-Texcoco km 38.5, Chapingo, Estado de México, C. P. 56230, MÉXICO.

3Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro de Investigación Regional Sureste. Antigua carretera Mérida-Motul km 25, Mocochá, Yucatán, C. P. 97454, MÉXICO.


Abstract

The main collection of allelic variants for breeding tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) is represented by its wild relatives, which evolved independently. It is important to study different sources of variation that are useful in breeding; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner as a source of different alleles by estimating the average degree of dominance, heterosis with respect to the mid-parent, and narrow-sense heritability of an interspecific cross with S. lycopersicum L. An S8 line derived from the LOR95 collection, the LA1223 accession of S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner and the F1 generation from crossing the two materials were used. Genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design during two greenhouse cycles in a hydroponic production system. Of 14 evaluated traits, total soluble solids concentration, stem diameter, total number of fruits and plant height showed an overdominance of LA1223, as well as heterosis of 17.2, 32.3, 55 and 49.2 % each, and heritability of 35, 93, 72 and 66 %, respectively. F1 generation had an increase of 2 mm in stem diameter, 30 cm in plant height, 4 fruits and 1.1 °Brix, with respect to the best parent for each variable; this suggests that it would be possible to use LA1223 to broaden the genetic base in the improvement of this vegetable.

Keywords wild relatives; breeding; narrow-sense heritability; heterosis; average degree of dominance

Resumen

El acervo principal de variantes alélicas para el mejoramiento genético de jitomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) está representado por sus parientes silvestres, los cuales evolucionaron de manera independiente. Es importante estudiar diferentes fuentes de variación que sean útiles en el mejoramiento genético; por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar a S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner como fuente de alelos diferentes mediante la estimación del grado promedio de dominancia, heterosis con respecto al progenitor medio y heredabilidad en sentido estricto de una cruza interespecífica con S. lycopersicum L. Se empleó una línea S8 derivada de la colecta LOR95, la accesión LA1223 de S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner y la generación F1 del cruzamiento de ambas. Los genotipos se evaluaron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar durante dos ciclos bajo invernadero en un sistema de producción en hidroponía. De 14 variables evaluadas, la concentración de sólidos solubles totales, diámetro de tallo, número total de frutos y altura de planta presentaron sobredominancia de LA1223, así como heterosis de 17.2, 32.3, 55 y 49.2 % cada uno, y heredabilidad de 35, 93, 72 y 66 %, respectivamente. La generación F1 presentó un incremento de 2 mm en el diámetro de tallo, 30 cm en la altura de planta, 4 frutos y 1.1 °Brix, con respecto al mejor progenitor para cada variable; esto sugiere que sería posible emplear LA1223 para ampliar la base genética en el mejoramiento de esta hortaliza.

Palabras clave parientes silvestres; mejoramiento genético; heredabilidad en sentido estricto; heterosis; grado promedio de dominancia

Introduction

The origin and pre-domestication of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was in the Andean region, while its domestication was completed in Mesoamerica, and then it spread throughout the world (Blanca et al., 2012). The wild relative S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner comes from South America and is distributed from southwestern Ecuador to southern Peru in environments with elevations between 500 and 3,300 meters above sea level, where it evolved and is found in the wild (Spooner, Peralta, & Knapp, 2005). Wild relatives and native races of tomato accumulated different genes throughout their evolution; in contrast, commercial varieties or elite germplasm suffered a severe reduction in their genetic variability due to the selection process they underwent, which makes breeding of this vegetable difficult (Bai & Lindhout, 2007).

The native collections of Mexico have wide genetic diversity with contrasting traits, so they could be used in breeding programs (Marín-Montes, Rodríguez-Pérez, Sahagún-Castellanos, Hernández-Ibáñez, & Velasco-García, 2016; Marín-Montes et al., 2019). Martínez-Vázquez, Hernández-Bautista, Lobato-Ortiz, García-Zavala, and Reyes-López (2017) state that the native collections of Mexico have additive effects on traits such as fruit yield, number of fruits per plant, fruit firmness, number of flowers and number of clusters per plant. Flores-Hernández et al. (2018) evaluated wild relatives of tomato and found traits that could be useful for enriching the genetic base of tomato; for example, S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner was the genotype with the highest production of total soluble solids, highest fruit weight and longest leaf length. Similarly, Top et al. (2014) showed that the S. habrochaites LA1223 accession can be used to increase the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the fruits. Hernández-Bautista, Lobato-Ortiz, Cruz-Izquierdo, García-Zavala, and Chávez-Servia (2014) observed that S. pimpinellifolium L. and a collection native to Mexico as parents allow taking advantage of dominance and overdominance gene actions for flower and fruit traits.

Currently, S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner is used to form rootstocks per se through lines with tolerance to adverse abiotic factors such as drought and low temperatures (Ntatsi et al., 2017; Poudyala, Khatria, & Uptmoora, 2015; Poudyala, Akash, Khatri, Shrestha, & Uptmoor, 2017), and to biotic factors such as insects and viruses (Lucatti et al., 2014; Wolters et al., 2015). These traits allowed its use per se and as a parent of interspecific hybrids to increase the vigor and adaptation of tomato, as well as to improve the expression of productive and fruit quality advantages of the genotypes used as offspring (Velasco-Alvarado et al., 2019).

Although the use of wild or native relatives in crop improvement is a potential alternative, before using them it is necessary to obtain information regarding their genetic parameters such as type of gene action, variance and combining ability, since these will indicate the improvement method that should be used for each specific case (Dagade, Dhaduk, Mehata, & Barad, 2015; López et al., 2015). In this regard, Parra-Gómez, Lobato-Ortiz, García-Zavala, Reyes-López, and Velasco-Alvarado (2016) identified that the yield components, in interspecific crosses of S. lycopersicum L. and S. pimpinellifolium L., showed intermediate heritability, so they obtained lines from this cross. Martínez-Vázquez et al. (2017) identified that additive effects have an important impact on yield components, which suggests that Mexico's native tomato populations have the potential to be used in the genetic improvement of this vegetable.

The use of wild relatives in tomato breeding can modify the genetic background of cultivated tomato; therefore, the use of inter-specific crosses could be an alternative to take advantage of the traits of the genotypes in the development of improved varieties. Considering the above, the objective of the present study was to evaluate S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner as a source of alternative alleles for tomato breeding by estimating the average degree of dominance, heterosis with respect to the mid-parent and narrow-sense heritability of an interspecific cross with S. lycopersicum L.

Materials and methods

This research was conducted through the Program for the Conservation and Improvement of Tomato Genetic Resources of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, located in Montecillo, State of Mexico (19° 30’ NL and 98° 53’ WL, at 2,250 masl).

Plant material

Two parents and the F1 generation from the cross of the two genotypes were evaluated. The female parent (LCP-95) was the S8 line derived from the native LOR95 accession with indeterminate growth habit and pepper-like fruit shape (local description), native to Tehuacan, Puebla. The male parent (Sh) was the LA1223 accession of S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner native to Peru, with indeterminate growth habit and cherry fruit shape; this accession was provided by the Tomato Genetics Resource Center (TGRC) at the University of Davis, California, United States of America.

Phenotypic evaluation

The agronomic evaluation was carried out in the spring-summer 2016 and 2017 growing seasons, in a hydroponic greenhouse production system. Sowing for the 2016 cycle was conducted on March 12 in 200-cavity polystyrene trays. Peat moss (Kekkila®) was used as substrate. The transplant was performed 43 days after sowing (das). Sowing of the second cycle was carried out on April 23, 2017 in conditions similar to those of the first cycle, and the transplant occurred at 40 das.

A randomized complete block experimental design with four replicates was used; the experimental unit consisted of 20 plants. Each plant was placed in a black 12 L polyethylene bag (12 L), with 4 mm volcanic sand as substrate to obtain a density of 2.7 plants·m-2 in an open hydroponic system. Plants were spaced 35 cm apart and the rows 2 m apart.

Nutrition was provided with Steiner's (1980) universal solution at pH 5 and was applied according to the phenological stage: 0 to 40 days after transplanting (dat) at 50 %, and from 41 dat to the end of the cycle at 100 %. Plants were led to one main stem, which was blunted at 90 dat. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) was controlled with imidacloprid and 50 lambdacialotrine + 100 chlorantraniliprole. In addition, carboxamide and metalaxyl-M + chlorothalonil were used to control Phytophthora infestans, and azoxystrobin to control Altenaria solani.

Fourteen agronomic and morphological traits were assessed in all plants in the experimental unit: days to flowering of the first cluster after transplant (DFFC), days to ripening of the first cluster after transplant (DR), number of flowers per cluster (NFL), number of fruits per cluster (NFR), total number of fruits per plant (TNF), number of fruit locules (NL), total fruit yield per plant (TFY, kg·plant-1), average fruit weight of the third cluster (AFW, g), stem diameter (SD, mm), equatorial fruit diameter (ED, mm), polar fruit diameter (PD, mm), total soluble solids (mainly sucrose; B, °Brix), height of the first cluster (CH, cm) and total plant height (PH, cm).

Five fruits from the third cluster of each plant in the experimental unit were used to measure PD, ED, B and AFW. The measurement of CH and PH was made with a flexometer (model FH-3M, TRUPER®, Mexico). TFY and AFW were evaluated with a digital balance (model SP2001, Ohaus®, USA). B was measured with a digital refractometer (model PAL-1, ATAGO®, Chian). For SD, PD and ED, a standard and metric digital vernier caliper (model CALDI-6MP, TRUPER®, Mexico) was used.

Statistical analysis

Combined analysis of variance between assessment cycles and Tukey’s range test (P ≤ 0.05) were performed using SAS® statistical package ver. 9.0 (SAS Institute Inc., 2002). The linear model used was Y ijkl = µ + α i + γ j + δ ij + B(C) + ε ijkl ; where Y ijkl is the observation of the i-th genotype in the j-th cycle of the k-th replicate within the l-th block, µ is the overall mean, α i is the random effect of the i-th observation of the genotype, γ j is the random effect of the j-th cycle, δ ij is the random effect of the i-th genotype in the j-th cycle, B(C) is the random effect of the l-th block nested in the k-th replicate of the j-th environment and ε ijkl is the random error associated with the experimental unit.

Heterosis with respect to the mid-parent was estimated with the formula: H=F1-MPMP×100; where H is percentage heterosis (%), F 1 is the phenotypic mean of the F1 population, MP is the mid-parent and MP is equal to Pi + Pj2 (Pi and Pj are the phenotypic mean of the parent i and j) (Falconer & Mackay, 1996).

The average degree of dominance (DD) was calculated from the phenotypic mean of both parents (LCP-95 and Sh), the mid-parent (MP) and the F1 generation. Thus, it was considered as an additive (AD) action type when the F1 mean was equal to MP, as partial dominance towards LCP-95 (PDL) if the F1 mean was close to the female parent, as partial dominance of Sh (PDH) when the F1 value was closer to the wild parent, and as overdominance (OD) only if the F1 phenotypic mean was higher than its parents (Molina-Galán, 1992).

For the calculation of narrow-sense heritability (h2), the mid-parent-offspring regression methodology was used (Falconer & Mackay, 1996). This analysis was carried out with the RStudio 1.0 statistical package (Rstudio Team, 2015), based on the simple linear regression model.

Results and discussion

Analysis of variance

In the analysis of variance, between-cycle significance was detected for most variables, except for PD. Likewise, significance between genotypes was detected in all evaluated variables. This allowed identifying the existing variation among the evaluated genotypes. Genotype per cycle interaction was significant for TFY, AFW, NFL, DFFC, DR and NL (Table 1), which indicated that the genotypes presented consistency for most of their values across environments. The coefficients of variation suggested that experimental management and control were carried out adequately, which minimized the experimental error and gave validity to the results obtained.

Table 1 Mean squares of the combined analysis of variance for 14 traits of an interspecific cross of S. lycopersicum L. and S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner evaluated in the spring-summer cycle in 2016 and 2017. 

Trait Source of variation
C1 R/C G G x C Error CV µ
TFY 2.1* 0.02 9.3* 0.51* 0.02 15.91 1.065
AFW 109.0* 9.75 10,407.5* 36.24* 8.77 11.09 26.7
NFR 115.1* 7.93 125.4* 29.62 11.24 29.6 11.32
TNF 4,075.5* 129.53 4,902.2* 319.39 243.46 25.39 61.43
NFL 368.2* 17.76 3,928.4* 158.29* 17.09 16.95 24.38
ED 25.6* 2.1 2,290.3* 0.01 2.02 4.58 31.05
PD 5.9 5.7 5,970.4* 2.85 11.19 8.48 39.43
SD 2.5* 1.7* 19.5* 0.17 0.43 4.19 15.72
DFFC 206.7* 3.47 504.5* 92.66* 5.05 6.83 32.9
DR 210.7* 9.82* 2,021.9* 169.09* 1.87 1.39 98.09
NL 0.05* 0.01* 0.6* 0.11* 0.01 3.11 2.17
B 1.4* 0.4 100.8* 1.5 0.5* 8.2 9
CH 1,540* 61.79 1,088.5* 33.63 64.28 14.8 54.16
PH 2,800.4* 275.56 11,617.1* 592.16 145.32 5.7 2.11
DF 1 6 2 2 12

1C = cycle; G = genotype; GxC = genotype x cycle; R/C = replicate/cycle; CV = coefficient of variation; µ = phenotypic mean; DF = degrees of freedom; TFY = fruit yield (kg); AFW = average fruit weight of the third cluster (g); NFR = number of fruits per cluster; TNF = total number of fruits; NFL = number of flowers per cluster; ED = equatorial fruit diameter (mm); PD = polar fruit diameter (mm); SD = stem diameter (mm); DFFC = days to flowering of first cluster; DR = days to ripening of first cluster; NL = number of fruit locules; B = total soluble solids (°Brix); CH = height of first cluster (cm); PH = plant height (m). * = significant with P ≤ 0.05.

Average degree of dominance and comparison between genotypes

According to the averages obtained for each variable (Table 2), the parents used had contrasting phenotypical traits. This suggests that by making a cross between the two progenitors, it would be possible to increase the genetic base for tomato improvement by generating germplasm with allelic combinations provided by the Sh material. Proof of this was that the plants of the LA1223 accession, compared to the LCP-95 parent, were more vigorous in height, but with thin stems, had more flowers and fruits but smaller size and a higher concentration of total soluble solids, and were later in flowering and fruit ripening.

Table 2 Comparison of means, average degree of dominance and narrow-sense heritability of 14 traits in an interspecific cross of S. lycopersicum L. and S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner evaluated in 2016 and 2017. 

G1 LCP-95 Sh F1 LSD MP DD h2
TFY 2.26 az 0.17 c 0.76 b 0.21 1.22 PDH 94
AFW 68.13 a 2.34 c 9.63 b 3.84 35.24 PDH 52
NFR 7.10 b 14.95 a 11.93 a 4.06 11.03 PDH 20
TNF 32.91 b 74.00 a 77.38 a 18.29 53.46 OD 72
NFL 8.94 c 49.77 a 14.43 b 5.31 29.36 PDL 28
ED 50.26 a 18.37 c 24.52 b 1.82 34.32 AD 47
PD 69.98 a 17.36 c 30.94 b 3.90 43.67 AD 28
SD 15.31 b 14.40 c 17.45 a 1.17 14.86 OD 93
DFFC 32.86 b 40.87 a 24.99 c 2.71 36.87 PDL 17
DR 90.45 b 116.38 a 87.46 c 2.71 103.42 PDL 16
NL 2.48 a 2.00 b 2.04 b 0.11 2.24 PDH 28
B 4.96 c 10.58 b 11.52 a 0.91 7.77 OD 35
CH 56.24 a 64.65 a 41.60 b 10.16 60.45 PDL 17
PH 1.76 c 2.05 b 2.51 a 0.17 1.90 OD 66

1G = genotypes; LCP-95 = S8 line of LOR95; Sh = LA1223; F1 = F1 population; MP = mid-parent; TFY = fruit yield (kg); AFW = average fruit weight of the third cluster (g); NFR = number of fruit per cluster; TNF = total number of fruits; NFL = number of flowers per cluster; ED = equatorial fruit diameter (mm); PD = polar fruit diameter (mm); SD = stem diameter (mm); DFFC = days to flowering of the first cluster; DR = days to ripening of the first cluster; NL = number of fruit locules; B = total soluble solids (°Brix); CH = height of the first cluster (cm); PH = plant height (m); DD = average degree of dominance; PDH = partial dominance of LA1223; AD = additivity; PDL = partial dominance of LCP-95; OD = overdominance; h2 = narrow-sense heritability (%); LSD = least significant difference. zMeans with the same letter within each row do not differ statistically (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05).

From the comparison of means, the average degree of dominance of the evaluated traits was determined. In CH, NFL, DFFC and DR, partial dominance towards the LCP-95 parent was observed, because the F1 genotype had lower average values compared to the mid-parent, but very close to LCP-95; in contrast, AFW, TFY, NFR and NL showed partial dominance towards the wild Sh parent, since the F1 generation was similar to Sh (Table 2). Similarly, earliness and flower number traits were reported to be controlled by partial dominance effects towards wild tomato alleles (Hernández-Bautista et al., 2014; López et al., 2015).

The traits ED and PD showed additivity, since the average values of the F1 generation were similar to the mid-parent (Table 2). Lippman and Tanksley (2001) showed, in an interspecific cross of S. lycopersicum L. and S. pimpinellifolium L., that fruit size is regulated by genes with additive effects.

Overdominance in F1 was identified in traits such as PH, SD, NTF and B, this because their values were higher than the best parent (Table 2). In different works, different results have been reported for total soluble solids and plant size, since these traits were influenced by gene action of dominance. This allowed inferring that Sh increases these traits to a greater extent, and that it has potential as a source of high-value alleles (Chattopadhyay, Dutta, Dutta, & Hazra, 2011; López et al., 2015).

Heterosis

The average heterosis for both cycles ranged from -51 to 56 % in the evaluated traits. Of 14 traits measured, five had positive heterosis, namely PH, SD, B, NFR and TNF, and the rest showed negative heterosis (Table 3). Regardless of the type of value (positive or negative) of heterosis, this parameter will always be important for breeding. Positive heterosis is desirable to increase the magnitude of traits like fruit or grain yield; on the other hand, if it were negative, the magnitude of the traits would decrease (Alam et al., 2004; Escorcia-Gutiérrez, Molina-Galán, Castillo-González, & Mejía-Contreras, 2010; Martínez-Martínez et al., 2014).

Table 3 Heterosis with respect to the mid-parent of 14 traits in an interspecific cross of S. lycopersicum L. and S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner evaluated in the spring-summer cycle in 2016 and 2017. 

G1 LCP Sh F1 MP H LCP Sh F1 MP H Ha
C 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2  
TFY 1.71 0.14 0.46 0.93 -50.70 2.81 0.21 1.07 1.51 -29.30 -40.00
AFW 63.83 2.51 7.35 33.17 -0.67 71.83 2.27 10.16 37.05 -0.56 -0.62
NFR 5.79 10.60 11.10 8.17 35.30 8.35 19.4 12.90 13.90 -6.60 14.30
TNF 26.79 55.75 62.55 41.27 51.56 39.12 92.25 105.3 65.68 60.24 55.90
NFL 8.05 40.75 12.60 24.40 -48.40 10.47 58.80 16.00 34.64 -53.80 -51.10
ED 49.26 17.31 23.46 33.28 -29.50 51.08 19.44 25.36 35.26 -28.10 -28.80
PD 70.10 16.78 29.90 43.44 -31.20 69.59 17.95 31.89 43.77 -27.10 -29.20
SD 15.00 14.30 17.00 14.60 16.60 15.70 14.60 18.10 15.20 19.10 17.90
DFFC 31.05 34.10 24.70 32.58 -24.20 34.60 47.65 25.17 41.13 -38.80 -31.50
DR 91.68 124.6 86.95 108.1 -19.58 91.71 108.2 88.19 99.95 -11.77 -15.67
NL 2.67 2.00 2.00 2.34 -14.40 2.29 2.00 2.06 2.15 -3.94 -9.18
B 4.25 10.50 11.60 7.37 57.70 5.65 10.70 11.50 8.17 40.70 49.20
CH 48.26 54.80 35.80 51.53 -30.50 64.76 78.50 49.88 71.63 -30.40 -30.50
PH 1.57 2.03 2.40 1.80 33.40 1.95 2.07 2.64 2.01 31.20 32.30

1G = genotypes; LCP = S8 line of LOR95; Sh = LA1223; MP = mid-parent; F1 = F1 population; H = heterosis with respect to the MP (%); Ha = average heterosis for both cycles (%); C = evaluation cycle; TFY = fruit yield (kg); AFW = average fruit weight of the third cluster (g); NFR = number of fruits per cluster; TNF = total number of fruits; NFL = number of flowers per cluster; ED = equatorial fruit diameter (mm); PD = polar fruit diameter (mm); SD = stem diameter (mm); DFFC = days to flowering of the first cluster; DR = days to ripening of the first cluster; NL = number of fruit locules; B = total soluble solids (°Brix); CH = height of the first cluster (cm); PH = plant height (m).

In the present work, it was observed that B and TNF had the highest positive heterosis, which indicated that Sh increased the values of these traits; in contrast, PD, ED, TFY and AFW presented the highest negative heterosis. This allowed inferring that Sh caused a decrease in fruit size and yield, so Sh would not be useful to improve fruit yield, but it would be useful in other fruit traits.

Commercially, S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner is used for the formation of rootstocks employed in tomato production under adverse conditions, such as drought and low temperatures (Ntatsi et al., 2017; Poudyala et al., 2017), so LA1223 could be used as a parent of hybrids to be used as rootstocks, or to derive lines that are outstanding for this trait and can be used per se as rootstock. This is because F1 showed a 2 mm increase in stem diameter compared to the best parent. Regarding the impact of the wild parent on tomato yield, Velasco-Alvarado et al. (2019) showed that it increases yield compared to ungrafted plants and commercial rootstocks, and increases the amount of total soluble solids in fruit.

In total soluble solids, heterosis was observed to be high (49.20 %) and higher than other values reported in different studies. For example, Hernández-Bautista et al. (2014) used S. pimpinellifolium L. as a male parent and observed negative heterosis for total soluble solids (-0.98 %); in contrast, Yadav, Singh, Baranwal, and Solankey (2013) reported a hybrid of cultivated and wild tomato with high heterosis (37.50 %), but lower than that observed in this work. This indicates that Sh would be useful for improving internal fruit quality; however, it should be considered that using it also modifies traits such as fruit size, weight and shape.

The heterosis observed in NFR (14.30 %) is an intermediate value for the interval from -25 to 38.9 % heterosis with respect to the mid-parent reported by Gul, Ur-Rahman, Khalil, Shah, and Ghafoor (2010) for hybrids generated with wild accessions of S. lycopersicum. TNF showed high heterosis (55.90 %), which was found in the range observed by Yadav et al. (2013), who reported heterosis of -52.50 to 58.5 % in intraspecific hybrids of cultivated and wild collections of S. lycopersicum L., although lower than that observed in an interspecific cross of S. lycopersicum L. and S. pimpinellifolium L. (183.93 %) (Hernández-Bautista et al., 2014).

In precocity traits such as days to flowering and ripening, negative heterosis is important because it allows the reduction of these traits (Alam et al., 2004). In this study it was observed that CH, DR and DFFC had negative heterosis, which allowed inferring that Sh decreased the days to flowering and ripening, cluster height and the number of fruits; however, it also reduces important traits for fruit size and weight, which makes the direct use of Sh for elite germplasm improvement difficult. This suggests the need to explore other breeding options such as backcrossing. Martínez-Vázquez, Lobato-Ortiz, García-Zavala, and Reyes-López (2016) report that for fruit size, weight and shape it is preferable to use native collections with similar traits to elite germplasm, since more than 50 % heterosis can be obtained for these traits.

Precocity traits were expressed in conjunction with unwanted traits such as lower weight and smaller fruit size, but it is possible to use Sh in breeding programs through different selection and line derivation techniques that conserve only the loci of the Sh parent that control the traits of interest, which could allow using the Sh alleles in an efficient way (Monforte & Tanksley, 2000; Zamir, 2001).

Heritability

Average narrow-sense heritability was intermediate (44 %) (Table 2) according to the scale presented by Molina-Galan (1992), ranging from 16 % (DR) to 94 % (TFP), which indicated that most of these traits are of additive effects. Thus, selection methods, such as line derivation, are an alternative for breeding in the case of some of the traits evaluated, while low-heritability traits would have to exploit non-additive effects by hybridization (Amaefula, Agbo, & Nwofia, 2014; Dagade et al., 2015).

Traits such as TFY, TNF, SD, and PH had high heritability, indicating that environmental conditions had little impact on phenotypic variance. Thus, the heritability observed was the result of genetic differences between parents (Flint-Garcia et al., 2005). Hernández-Bautista et al. (2014) and Rodríguez et al. (2008) reported similar values for inter- and intra-specific hybrids of S. lycopersicum L. and S. pimpinellifolium L. in the same traits.

The AFW, ED and B traits had intermediate heritability, so they could be used similarly to the high-heritability traits to take advantage of the additive effects (Table 2). Parra-Gómez et al. (2016) observed intermediate heritability for total soluble solids, fruit weight and fruit diameter in S3 lines derived from an interspecific cross of S. lycopersicum L. with S. pimpinellifolium L.

Heritability was low in the traits NFR, NFL, PD, DFFC, DR, NL and CH. These values suggest that the observed variation was promoted by environmental factors and not by genetic factors, so the hybridization method would be the best for using these traits. El-Gabry, Solieman, and Abido (2014) identified in tomato hybrids that NFL, NFR, and DFFC are of low heritability, so they suggested that these traits are of non-additive effects.

Conclusions

In this study, the parents of cultivated and wild tomato were contrasting because they have a different genetic background for fruit yield and quality variables; this allowed the F1 generation to have traits of interest for improving cultivated tomato, since they would contribute with novel allelic variants of S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner.

Total soluble solids, stem diameter and plant height showed overdominance of S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner; in addition, they presented high positive heterosis. Therefore, the LA1223 wild parent is a valuable material for modifying these traits in S. lycopersicum; however, it is necessary to verify the relationship with other traits associated with fruit quality.

The use of S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner in breeding would be possible by selecting the offspring successive to the cross evaluated, since heritability was intermediate to high for most of the variables evaluated. Thus, this wild relative represents a viable alternative to broaden the genetic base of the breeding programs of cultivated tomato.

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Received: December 09, 2019; Accepted: April 05, 2020

*Corresponding author: rlobato@colpos.mx, tel. 595 20 200 ext. 1534.

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